From 2f311ad41fcc693e9dc0adcc2e50e28208751edc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: LeshaInc <includeurl@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Jan 2025 17:22:17 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] graphics-v2: Add colors v2

---
 build.sbt                                     |   1 +
 .../scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/Color.scala | 270 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../desktop/color_v2/repr/LinearRgba.scala    |  28 ++
 .../ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Okhsv.scala  | 203 +++++++++++++
 .../ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Oklab.scala  |  54 ++++
 .../desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedInt.scala     |  31 ++
 .../desktop/color_v2/repr/package.scala       |  18 ++
 .../ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Graphics.scala |   2 +-
 .../ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Image.scala    |  50 +++-
 .../reference_impl/GraphicsImpl.scala         |  47 +++
 .../reference_impl/ImageBuffer.scala          |  26 ++
 .../reference_impl/PackedColor.scala          | 144 ++++++++++
 .../ocelot/desktop/color_v2/ColorTest.scala   | 109 +++++++
 .../color_v2/repr/LinearRgbaTest.scala        |  27 ++
 .../desktop/color_v2/repr/OkhsvTest.scala     |  27 ++
 .../desktop/color_v2/repr/OklabTest.scala     |  27 ++
 .../desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedIntTest.scala |  27 ++
 .../scala/ocelot/desktop/util/UnitTest.scala  |   3 +-
 18 files changed, 1084 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/Color.scala
 create mode 100644 src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/LinearRgba.scala
 create mode 100644 src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Okhsv.scala
 create mode 100644 src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Oklab.scala
 create mode 100644 src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedInt.scala
 create mode 100644 src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/package.scala
 create mode 100644 src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/GraphicsImpl.scala
 create mode 100644 src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/ImageBuffer.scala
 create mode 100644 src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/PackedColor.scala
 create mode 100644 src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/ColorTest.scala
 create mode 100644 src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/LinearRgbaTest.scala
 create mode 100644 src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/OkhsvTest.scala
 create mode 100644 src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/OklabTest.scala
 create mode 100644 src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedIntTest.scala

diff --git a/build.sbt b/build.sbt
index a261eba..4b8e173 100644
--- a/build.sbt
+++ b/build.sbt
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ libraryDependencies += "org.scala-lang" % "scala-reflect" % scalaVersion.value
 
 libraryDependencies += "org.scalatest" %% "scalatest" % "3.2.19" % "test"
 libraryDependencies += "org.scalatest" %% "scalatest-funsuite" % "3.2.19" % "test"
+libraryDependencies += "org.scalatestplus" %% "scalacheck-1-18" % "3.2.19.0" % "test"
 
 libraryDependencies += "org.apache.logging.log4j" % "log4j-core" % "2.20.0"
 libraryDependencies += "org.apache.logging.log4j" % "log4j-api" % "2.20.0"
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/Color.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/Color.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f86837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/Color.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.repr.PackedInt
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer
+
+/**
+ * Linear-RGB with 8 bits for alpha and 16 bits per color channel, packed into a [[Long]].
+ *
+ * Has the following layout: A_RR_GG_BB.
+ *
+ * Uses premultiplied alpha (i.e. color channels are multiplied by alpha). This allows for accurate color blending
+ * without color leaking from transparent areas. Additionally, there is a unique representation of a fully-transparent
+ * color - that is (0, 0, 0, 0). Moreover, we get additive color blending for free - just set alpha to zero while
+ * keeping color channels nonzero.
+ *
+ * The rationale for such packed encoding is to use a primitive type ([[AnyVal]]) to avoid allocations.
+ *
+ * Using 16 bits per color channel allows seamless sRGB/linear round-trips, assuming we only care about 8 bits per
+ * channel in our images and on the screen. This doesn't quite hold when transcoding to formats which use
+ * both straight alpha and non-linear sRGB, but that doesn't matter since during alpha blending this extra precision
+ * would be lost anyway.
+ */
+case class Color(inner: Long) extends AnyVal {
+  /** Red channel (0-65535). */
+  def r16: Short = ((inner >> 32) & 0xFFFF).toShort
+
+  /** Green channel (0-65535). */
+  def g16: Short = ((inner >> 16) & 0xFFFF).toShort
+
+  /** Blue channel (0-65535). */
+  def b16: Short = (inner & 0xFFFF).toShort
+
+  /** Alpha channel (0-65535). */
+  def a8: Byte = ((inner >> 48) & 0xFF).toByte
+
+  /** Checks whether two colors are close enough. */
+  def closeTo(other: Color, colorEps: Int = 10, alphaEps: Int = 1): Boolean = {
+    ((r16.toInt & 0xFFFF) - (other.r16.toInt & 0xFFFF)).abs <= colorEps &&
+      ((g16.toInt & 0xFFFF) - (other.g16.toInt & 0xFFFF)).abs <= colorEps &&
+      ((b16.toInt & 0xFFFF) - (other.b16.toInt & 0xFFFF)).abs <= colorEps &&
+      ((a8.toInt & 0xFF) - (other.a8.toInt & 0xFF)).abs <= alphaEps
+  }
+
+  /** Performs alpha blending against a background. */
+  def blendOver(bg: Color): Color = {
+    val fgR = r16.toInt & 0xFFFF
+    val fgG = g16.toInt & 0xFFFF
+    val fgB = b16.toInt & 0xFFFF
+    val fgA = a8.toInt & 0xFF
+
+    val bgR = bg.r16.toInt & 0xFFFF
+    val bgG = bg.g16.toInt & 0xFFFF
+    val bgB = bg.b16.toInt & 0xFFFF
+    val bgA = bg.a8.toInt & 0xFF
+
+    def alphaMul(r: Int, a: Int): Int = {
+      // we want to compute: round((r / 0xFFFF) * (a / 0xFF) * 0xFFFF)
+      // or in other words:  round(r * a / 0xFF)
+      //                     floor(r * a / 0xFF + 1 / 2)
+      //
+      // notice that AB / FF = 0.ABABAB (this holds for any other byte divided by 0xFF)
+      // so we can replace division with multiplication by this repeated fraction
+      //
+      // we'll truncate this fraction to 24 bits and call it aaa.
+      // similarly, this fraction to 16 bits will be called aa.
+      //
+      // we get: (r * aaa + 0x800000) / 2^24
+      //
+      // notice this multiplication doesn't fit into 32 bits (16 bits * 24 bits)
+      // r * aaa = r * aa * 2^8 + ra
+      // r * aaa = ra * 2^16 + ra * 2^8 + ra
+      //
+      // now we substitute
+      // (ra * 2^16 + ra * 2^8 + ra + 0x800000) / 2^24
+      // (ra * 2^8 + ra + ra / 2^8 + 0x8000) / 2^16
+
+      val ra = r * a
+      (((ra << 8) + ra + (ra >> 8) + 0x8000) >> 16) & 0xFFFF
+    }
+
+    val resR = fgR + alphaMul(bgR, 0xFF - fgA)
+    val resG = fgG + alphaMul(bgG, 0xFF - fgA)
+    val resB = fgB + alphaMul(bgB, 0xFF - fgA)
+    val resA = fgA + alphaMul(bgA, 0xFF - fgA)
+
+    Color.pack(resR.toShort, resG.toShort, resB.toShort, resA.toByte)
+  }
+}
+
+object Color {
+  val White: Color = PackedInt(0xFFFFFF).toColor
+  val Grey: Color = PackedInt(0x808080).toColor
+  val Black: Color = PackedInt(0x000000).toColor
+
+  val Red: Color = PackedInt(0xFF0000).toColor
+  val Green: Color = PackedInt(0x00FF00).toColor
+  val Blue: Color = PackedInt(0x0000FF).toColor
+
+  val Cyan: Color = PackedInt(0x00FFF).toColor
+  val Magenta: Color = PackedInt(0xFF00FF).toColor
+  val Yellow: Color = PackedInt(0xFFFF00).toColor
+
+  val Transparent: Color = Color(0)
+
+  def pack(r16: Short, g16: Short, b16: Short, a8: Byte): Color = {
+    Color(
+      ((a8.toLong & 0xFF) << 48)
+        | ((r16.toLong & 0xFFFF) << 32)
+        | ((g16.toLong & 0xFFFF) << 16)
+        | (b16.toLong & 0xFFFF)
+    )
+  }
+
+  /** Provides encoding of [[Color]] to bytes. */
+  sealed abstract class Encoding {
+    val size: Int
+
+    /** Encodes the given color to the destination buffer, advancing its position by [[size]]. */
+    def encode(color: Color, dst: ByteBuffer): Unit
+
+    /** Encodes the given color, returning a byte array. */
+    final def encodeToArray(color: Color): Array[Byte] = {
+      val dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(size)
+      encode(color, dst)
+      dst.array()
+    }
+
+    /** Decodes color from the source buffer, advancing its position by [[size]]. */
+    def decode(src: ByteBuffer): Color
+
+    /** Decodes color from the provided byte array. */
+    final def decodeFromArray(src: Array[Byte]): Color = {
+      decode(ByteBuffer.wrap(src))
+    }
+  }
+
+  object Encoding {
+    /** Linear encoding with a single 8-bit red channel. */
+    case object LinearR8 extends Encoding {
+      override val size: Int = 1
+
+      override def encode(color: Color, dst: ByteBuffer): Unit = {
+        dst.put(shrink16To8Bits(color.r16))
+      }
+
+      override def decode(src: ByteBuffer): Color = {
+        val r = extend8To16Bits(src.get())
+        pack(r, r, r, 0xFF.toByte)
+      }
+    }
+
+    /** Linear encoding with three 8-bit RGB channels. */
+    case object LinearRgb8 extends Encoding {
+      override val size: Int = 3
+
+      override def encode(color: Color, dst: ByteBuffer): Unit = {
+        dst.put(shrink16To8Bits(color.r16))
+        dst.put(shrink16To8Bits(color.g16))
+        dst.put(shrink16To8Bits(color.b16))
+      }
+
+      override def decode(src: ByteBuffer): Color = {
+        val r = extend8To16Bits(src.get())
+        val g = extend8To16Bits(src.get())
+        val b = extend8To16Bits(src.get())
+        pack(r, g, b, 0xFF.toByte)
+      }
+    }
+
+    /** Linear encoding with four 8-bit RGBA channels. */
+    case object LinearRgba8 extends Encoding {
+      override val size: Int = 4
+
+      override def encode(color: Color, dst: ByteBuffer): Unit = {
+        dst.put(shrink16To8Bits(color.r16))
+        dst.put(shrink16To8Bits(color.g16))
+        dst.put(shrink16To8Bits(color.b16))
+        dst.put(color.a8)
+      }
+
+      override def decode(src: ByteBuffer): Color = {
+        val r = extend8To16Bits(src.get())
+        val g = extend8To16Bits(src.get())
+        val b = extend8To16Bits(src.get())
+        val a = src.get()
+        pack(r, g, b, a)
+      }
+    }
+
+    /** Non-linear (sRGB) encoding with three 8-bit RGB channels. */
+    case object SrgbRgb8 extends Encoding {
+      override val size: Int = 3
+
+      override def encode(color: Color, dst: ByteBuffer): Unit = {
+        dst.put(linear16ToSrgb8(color.r16))
+        dst.put(linear16ToSrgb8(color.g16))
+        dst.put(linear16ToSrgb8(color.b16))
+      }
+
+      override def decode(src: ByteBuffer): Color = {
+        val r = srgb8ToLinear16(src.get())
+        val g = srgb8ToLinear16(src.get())
+        val b = srgb8ToLinear16(src.get())
+        pack(r, g, b, 0xFF.toByte)
+
+      }
+    }
+
+    /** Non-linear (sRGB) encoding with four 8-bit RGBA channels. */
+    case object SrgbRgba8 extends Encoding {
+      override val size: Int = 4
+
+      override def encode(color: Color, dst: ByteBuffer): Unit = {
+        dst.put(linear16ToSrgb8(color.r16))
+        dst.put(linear16ToSrgb8(color.g16))
+        dst.put(linear16ToSrgb8(color.b16))
+        dst.put(color.a8)
+      }
+
+      override def decode(src: ByteBuffer): Color = {
+        val r = srgb8ToLinear16(src.get())
+        val g = srgb8ToLinear16(src.get())
+        val b = srgb8ToLinear16(src.get())
+        val a = src.get()
+        pack(r, g, b, a)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Repeats a byte twice */
+  private[color_v2] def extend8To16Bits(v: Byte): Short = (((v.toShort & 0xFF) << 8) | (v.toShort & 0xFF)).toShort
+
+  /** Returns high byte from 16-bit word */
+  private[color_v2] def shrink16To8Bits(v: Short): Byte = (v >> 8).toByte
+
+  /** Converts non-linear sRGB color component (0-255) to linear color space (0-65535). */
+  private[color_v2] def srgb8ToLinear16(v: Byte): Short = Srgb8ToLinear16Lut(v.toInt & 0xFF)
+
+  private lazy val Srgb8ToLinear16Lut: Array[Short] = {
+    Array.tabulate(0x100) { i =>
+      val srgb = i.toFloat / 0xFF.toFloat
+
+      val linear = if (srgb <= 0.04045) {
+        srgb / 12.92
+      } else {
+        math.pow((srgb + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4)
+      }
+
+      (linear * 0xFFFF.toFloat).toShort
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Converts linear color component (0-65535) to non-linear sRGB color space (0-255). */
+  private[color_v2] def linear16ToSrgb8(v: Short): Byte = Linear16ToSrgb8Lut(v.toInt & 0xFFFF)
+
+  private lazy val Linear16ToSrgb8Lut: Array[Byte] = {
+    Array.tabulate(0x10000) { i =>
+      val linear = i.toFloat / 0xFFFF.toFloat
+
+      val srgb = if (linear <= 0.0031308) {
+        linear * 12.92
+      } else {
+        1.055 * math.pow(linear, 1.0 / 2.4) - 0.055
+      }
+
+      math.min((srgb * 0xFF.toFloat).round, 255.0).toInt.toByte
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/LinearRgba.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/LinearRgba.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..473a4d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/LinearRgba.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2.repr
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color._
+
+/** Linear RGBA color with double components (0-1) with premultiplied alpha. */
+case class LinearRgba(r: Double, g: Double, b: Double, a: Double) extends ReprInstance {
+  override def toColor: Color = {
+    pack((r * 0xFFFF).toShort, (g * 0xFFFF).toShort, (b * 0xFFFF).toShort, (a * 0XFF).toByte)
+  }
+
+  def closeTo(other: LinearRgba, eps: Double = 1e-3): Boolean = {
+    (r - other.r) <= eps && (g - other.g) <= eps && (b - other.b) <= eps && (a - other.a) <= eps
+  }
+}
+
+case object LinearRgba extends ReprObject {
+  override type Instance = LinearRgba
+
+  override def fromColor(color: Color): LinearRgba = {
+    LinearRgba(
+      (color.r16.toInt & 0xFFFF).toDouble / 0xFFFF,
+      (color.g16.toInt & 0xFFFF).toDouble / 0xFFFF,
+      (color.b16.toInt & 0xFFFF).toDouble / 0xFFFF,
+      (color.a8.toInt & 0xFF).toDouble / 0xFF
+    )
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Okhsv.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Okhsv.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72b53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Okhsv.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2.repr
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color
+
+/** Color in Okhsv color space with premultiplied alpha.
+ *
+ * @param h Hue (0-360)
+ * @param s Saturation (0-1)
+ * @param v Value (0-1)
+ * @param a Alpha (0-1)
+ */
+case class Okhsv(h: Double, s: Double, v: Double, a: Double) extends ReprInstance {
+  override def toColor: Color = Okhsv.okhsvToOklav(this).toColor
+
+  def closeTo(other: Okhsv, eps: Double = 1e-3): Boolean = {
+    def angleDiff(angle1: Double, angle2: Double): Double = {
+      val diff = (angle2 - angle1).abs
+      if (diff > 180) 360 - diff else diff
+    }
+
+    angleDiff(h, other.h) <= eps * 360 &&
+      (s - other.s).abs <= eps &&
+      (v - other.v).abs <= eps &&
+      (a - other.a).abs <= eps
+  }
+}
+
+case object Okhsv extends ReprObject {
+  override type Instance = Okhsv
+
+  override def fromColor(color: Color): Okhsv = Okhsv.oklabToOkhsv(Oklab.fromColor(color))
+
+  // Code below is translated from JS taken from
+  // https://github.com/bottosson/bottosson.github.io/blob/master/misc/colorpicker/colorconversion.js
+  //
+  // Copyright (c) 2021 Björn Ottosson
+  //
+  // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+  // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+  // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+  // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+  // of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+  // so, subject to the following conditions:
+  // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+  // copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+  // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+  // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+  // FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+  // AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+  // LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+  // OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+  // SOFTWARE.
+
+  private def toe(x: Double): Double = {
+    val k1 = 0.206
+    val k2 = 0.03
+    val k3 = (1 + k1) / (1 + k2)
+    0.5 * (k3 * x - k1 + math.sqrt((k3 * x - k1) * (k3 * x - k1) + 4 * k2 * k3 * x))
+  }
+
+  private def toeInv(x: Double): Double = {
+    val k1 = 0.206
+    val k2 = 0.03
+    val k3 = (1 + k1) / (1 + k2)
+    (x * x + k1 * x) / (k3 * (x + k2))
+  }
+
+  private def computeMaxSaturation(a: Double, b: Double): Double = {
+    val (k0, k1, k2, k3, k4, wl, wm, ws) =
+      if (-1.88170328 * a - 0.80936493 * b > 1) {
+        // Red component
+        (1.19086277, 1.76576728, 0.59662641, 0.75515197, 0.56771245,
+          4.0767416621, -3.3077115913, 0.2309699292)
+      } else if (1.81444104 * a - 1.19445276 * b > 1) {
+        // Green component
+        (0.73956515, -0.45954404, 0.08285427, 0.12541070, 0.14503204,
+          -1.2684380046, 2.6097574011, -0.3413193965)
+      } else {
+        // Blue component
+        (1.35733652, -0.00915799, -1.15130210, -0.50559606, 0.00692167,
+          -0.0041960863, -0.7034186147, 1.7076147010)
+      }
+
+    var S = k0 + k1 * a + k2 * b + k3 * a * a + k4 * a * b
+
+    val kl = +0.3963377774 * a + 0.2158037573 * b
+    val km = -0.1055613458 * a - 0.0638541728 * b
+    val ks = -0.0894841775 * a - 1.2914855480 * b
+
+    {
+      val l_ = 1 + S * kl
+      val m_ = 1 + S * km
+      val s_ = 1 + S * ks
+
+      val l = l_ * l_ * l_
+      val m = m_ * m_ * m_
+      val s = s_ * s_ * s_
+
+      val l_dS = 3 * kl * l_ * l_
+      val m_dS = 3 * km * m_ * m_
+      val s_dS = 3 * ks * s_ * s_
+
+      val l_dS2 = 6 * kl * kl * l_
+      val m_dS2 = 6 * km * km * m_
+      val s_dS2 = 6 * ks * ks * s_
+
+      val f = wl * l + wm * m + ws * s
+      val f1 = wl * l_dS + wm * m_dS + ws * s_dS
+      val f2 = wl * l_dS2 + wm * m_dS2 + ws * s_dS2
+
+      S -= f * f1 / (f1 * f1 - 0.5 * f * f2)
+    }
+
+    S
+  }
+
+  private def findCusp(a: Double, b: Double): (Double, Double) = {
+    val S_cusp = computeMaxSaturation(a, b)
+    val rgbAtMax = Oklab(1, S_cusp * a, S_cusp * b, 1).toLinearRgba
+    val L_cusp = math.cbrt(1 / math.max(math.max(rgbAtMax.r, rgbAtMax.g), rgbAtMax.b))
+    val C_cusp = L_cusp * S_cusp
+    (L_cusp, C_cusp)
+  }
+
+  private def getSTMax(a: Double, b: Double): (Double, Double) = {
+    val cusp = findCusp(a, b)
+    val L = cusp._1
+    val C = cusp._2
+    (C / L, C / (1 - L))
+  }
+
+  private def okhsvToOklav(hsv: Okhsv): Oklab = {
+    val h = hsv.h / 360.0
+    val s = hsv.s
+    val v = hsv.v
+
+    val a_ = math.cos(2 * math.Pi * h)
+    val b_ = math.sin(2 * math.Pi * h)
+
+    val ST_max = getSTMax(a_, b_)
+    val S_max = ST_max._1
+    val T = ST_max._2
+    val S_0 = 0.5
+    val k = 1 - S_0 / S_max
+
+    val L_v = 1 - s * S_0 / (S_0 + T - T * k * s)
+    val C_v = s * T * S_0 / (S_0 + T - T * k * s)
+
+    var L = v * L_v
+    var C = v * C_v
+
+    val L_vt = toeInv(L_v)
+    val C_vt = C_v * L_vt / L_v
+
+    val L_new = toeInv(L)
+    C = C * L_new / L
+    L = L_new
+
+    val rgbScale = Oklab(L_vt, a_ * C_vt, b_ * C_vt, 1).toLinearRgba
+    val scaleL = math.cbrt(1 / math.max(math.max(rgbScale.r, rgbScale.g), rgbScale.b))
+
+    L = L * scaleL
+    C = C * scaleL
+
+    Oklab(L, C * a_, C * b_, hsv.a)
+  }
+
+  private def oklabToOkhsv(lab: Oklab): Okhsv = {
+    var C = math.sqrt(lab.colorA * lab.colorA + lab.colorB * lab.colorB)
+    val a_ = lab.colorA / C
+    val b_ = lab.colorB / C
+
+    var L = lab.lightness
+    val h = 0.5 + 0.5 * math.atan2(-lab.colorB, -lab.colorA) / math.Pi
+
+    val ST_max = getSTMax(a_, b_)
+    val S_max = ST_max._1
+    val T = ST_max._2
+    val S_0 = 0.5
+    val k = 1 - S_0 / S_max
+
+    val t = T / (C + L * T)
+    val L_v = t * L
+    val C_v = t * C
+
+    val L_vt = toeInv(L_v)
+    val C_vt = C_v * L_vt / L_v
+
+    val rgbScale = Oklab(L_vt, a_ * C_vt, b_ * C_vt, 1).toLinearRgba
+    val scaleL = math.cbrt(1f / math.max(math.max(rgbScale.r, rgbScale.g), rgbScale.b))
+
+    L = L / scaleL
+    C = C / scaleL
+
+    C = C * toe(L) / L
+    L = toe(L)
+
+    val v = L / L_v
+    val s = (S_0 + T) * C_v / ((T * S_0) + T * k * C_v)
+
+    Okhsv(h * 360.0, s, v, lab.alpha)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Oklab.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Oklab.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7258176
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/Oklab.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2.repr
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color
+
+/** Color in Oklab color space with premultiplied alpha.
+ *
+ * @param lightness Perceived lightness.
+ * @param colorA How green/red the color is.
+ * @param colorB How blue/yellow the color is.
+ * @param alpha Alpha (0-1)
+ */
+case class Oklab(lightness: Double, colorA: Double, colorB: Double, alpha: Double) extends ReprInstance {
+  private[repr] def toLinearRgba: LinearRgba = {
+    val l_ = +0.2158037573 * colorB + 0.3963377774 * colorA + lightness
+    val m_ = -0.0638541728 * colorB - 0.1055613458 * colorA + lightness
+    val s_ = -1.2914855480 * colorB - 0.0894841775 * colorA + lightness
+    val l = l_ * l_ * l_
+    val m = m_ * m_ * m_
+    val s = s_ * s_ * s_
+    LinearRgba(
+      r = +0.2309699292 * s + 4.0767416621 * l -3.3077115913 * m,
+      g = -0.3413193965 * s + -1.2684380046 * l +2.6097574011 * m,
+      b = +1.7076147010 * s + -0.0041960863 * l -0.7034186147 * m,
+      a = alpha
+    )
+  }
+
+  override def toColor: Color = toLinearRgba.toColor
+
+  def closeTo(other: Oklab, eps: Double = 1e-3): Boolean = {
+    (lightness - other.lightness) <= eps &&
+      (colorA - other.colorA) <= eps &&
+      (colorB - other.colorB) <= eps &&
+      (alpha - other.alpha) <= eps
+  }
+}
+
+case object Oklab extends ReprObject {
+  override type Instance = Oklab
+
+  private[repr] def fromLinearRgba(c: LinearRgba): Oklab = {
+    val l = math.cbrt(0.0514459929 * c.b + 0.4122214708 * c.r + 0.5363325363 * c.g)
+    val m = math.cbrt(0.1073969566 * c.b + 0.2119034982 * c.r + 0.6806995451 * c.g)
+    val s = math.cbrt(0.6299787005 * c.b + 0.0883024619 * c.r + 0.2817188376 * c.g)
+    Oklab(
+      lightness = -0.0040720468 * s + 0.2104542553 * l + 0.7936177850 * m,
+      colorA = +0.4505937099 * s + 1.9779984951 * l - 2.4285922050 * m,
+      colorB = -0.8086757660 * s + 0.0259040371 * l + 0.7827717662 * m,
+      alpha = c.a
+    )
+  }
+
+  override def fromColor(color: Color): Oklab = fromLinearRgba(LinearRgba.fromColor(color))
+}
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedInt.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedInt.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b875493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedInt.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2.repr
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color._
+
+/** sRGB color packed into an [[Int]] (0xRRGGBB). No alpha. Very common in OpenComputers world. */
+case class PackedInt(inner: Int) extends AnyVal with ReprInstance {
+  /** Red channel (0-255). */
+  def r: Byte = ((inner >> 16) & 0xFF).toByte
+
+  /** Green channel (0-255). */
+  def g: Byte = ((inner >> 8) & 0xFF).toByte
+
+  /** Blue channel (0-255). */
+  def b: Byte = (inner & 0xFF).toByte
+
+  override def toColor: Color = {
+    pack(srgb8ToLinear16(r), srgb8ToLinear16(g), srgb8ToLinear16(b), 0xFF.toByte)
+  }
+}
+
+case object PackedInt extends ReprObject {
+  override type Instance = PackedInt
+
+  override def fromColor(color: Color): PackedInt = {
+    val r = linear16ToSrgb8(color.r16).toInt & 0xFF
+    val g = linear16ToSrgb8(color.g16).toInt & 0xFF
+    val b = linear16ToSrgb8(color.b16).toInt & 0xFF
+    PackedInt((r << 16) | (g << 8) | b)
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/package.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/package.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0de23f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/package.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2
+
+package object repr {
+  /** Provides encoding and decoding of various alternative color representations to [[Color]]. */
+  trait ReprObject {
+    /** Type of the alternative representation */
+    type Instance <: ReprInstance;
+
+    /** Converts [[Color]] to the alternative representation */
+    def fromColor(color: Color): Instance;
+  }
+
+  /** Provides encoding and decoding of various alternative color representations to [[Color]]. */
+  trait ReprInstance extends Any {
+    /** Converts this representation to a [[Color]]. */
+    def toColor: Color
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Graphics.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Graphics.scala
index 7ef76a5..44cb71c 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Graphics.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Graphics.scala
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ trait Graphics {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Creates a static image with given dimensions, format, and data (packed without alignment or padding).
+   * Creates a static image with given dimensions, format, and data (row-major, packed without alignment or padding).
    *
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException if width or height is zero or negative,
    *                                  if data is too short or too long for given format and dimensions
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Image.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Image.scala
index 44e7fe9..bc45105 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Image.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/Image.scala
@@ -44,22 +44,56 @@ object Image {
   }
 
   /** Image formats */
-  sealed class Format
+  abstract sealed class Format {
+    /** Returns true if the format is linear (has no gamma-correction). */
+    def isLinear: Boolean
+
+    /** Returns the number of bytes per pixel assuming packed encoding. */
+    def bytesPerPixel: Int
+  }
 
   object Format {
     /** Linear format with one R 8-bit channel */
-    case object LinearR8 extends Format
+    case object LinearR8 extends Format {
+      override val isLinear = true
+
+      override def bytesPerPixel: Int = 1
+    }
 
     /** Linear format with three RGB 8-bit channels */
-    case object LinearRgb8 extends Format
+    case object LinearRgb8 extends Format {
+      override val isLinear = true
 
-    /** Linear format with four RGBA 8-bit channels */
-    case object LinearRgba8 extends Format
+      override def bytesPerPixel: Int = 3
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Linear format with four RGBA 8-bit channels.
+     *
+     * Color is NOT premultiplied by alpha.
+     */
+    case object LinearRgba8 extends Format {
+      override val isLinear = true
+
+      override def bytesPerPixel: Int = 4
+    }
 
     /** Gamma-corrected (nonlinear sRGB) format with three RGB 8-bit channels */
-    case object SrgbRgb8 extends Format
+    case object SrgbRgb8 extends Format {
+      override val isLinear = false
 
-    /** Gamma-corrected (nonlinear sRGB) format with four RGBA 8-bit channels (alpha is still linear) */
-    case object SrgbRgba8 extends Format
+      override def bytesPerPixel: Int = 3
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gamma-corrected (nonlinear sRGB) format with four RGBA 8-bit channels.
+     *
+     * Alpha is still linear. Color is NOT premultiplied by alpha.
+     */
+    case object SrgbRgba8 extends Format {
+      override val isLinear = false
+
+      override def bytesPerPixel: Int = 4
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/GraphicsImpl.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/GraphicsImpl.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d6a1c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/GraphicsImpl.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.graphics_v2.reference_impl
+
+import ocelot.desktop.geometry.Size2D
+import ocelot.desktop.graphics_v2.{Graphics, Image}
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer
+
+class GraphicsImpl extends Graphics {
+  override type StaticImage = GraphicsImpl.StaticImageImpl
+  override type Surface = GraphicsImpl.SurfaceImpl
+
+  override def createStaticImage(width: Int, height: Int, format: Image.Format, packedData: ByteBuffer): StaticImage = {
+    new StaticImage(this, new ImageBuffer(width, height, format, packedData))
+  }
+
+  override def destroyStaticImage(image: StaticImage): Unit = {
+    require(image.owner == this, "StaticImage doesn't belong to this Graphics instance")
+    require(!image.isDestroyed, "StaticImage is already destroyed")
+    image.isDestroyed = true
+  }
+
+  override def createSurface(width: Int, height: Int, format: Image.Format): Surface = {
+    new Surface(this, new ImageBuffer(width, height, format))
+  }
+
+  override def destroySurface(surface: Surface): Unit = {
+    require(surface.owner == this, "Surface doesn't belong to this Graphics instance")
+    require(!surface.isDestroyed, "Surface is already destroyed")
+    surface.isDestroyed = true
+  }
+
+  override def process(passes: Array[Pass]): Unit = ???
+}
+
+object GraphicsImpl {
+  class StaticImageImpl private[reference_impl](val owner: GraphicsImpl, val imageBuffer: ImageBuffer) extends Image.Static {
+    private[reference_impl] var isDestroyed = false
+
+    override def size: Size2D = imageBuffer.size
+  }
+
+  class SurfaceImpl private[reference_impl](val owner: GraphicsImpl, val imageBuffer: ImageBuffer) extends Image.Surface {
+    private[reference_impl] var isDestroyed = false
+
+    override def size: Size2D = imageBuffer.size
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/ImageBuffer.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/ImageBuffer.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea7f2db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/ImageBuffer.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.graphics_v2.reference_impl
+
+import ocelot.desktop.geometry.Size2D
+import ocelot.desktop.graphics_v2.Image
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer
+
+private[reference_impl] class ImageBuffer(val width: Int, val height: Int, val format: Image.Format, val data: ByteBuffer) {
+  require(width * height * format.bytesPerPixel == data.limit(), "Wrong ImageBuffer data size");
+
+  def this(width: Int, height: Int, format: Image.Format) {
+    this(width, height, format, ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(width * height * format.bytesPerPixel))
+  }
+
+  def size: Size2D = Size2D(width, height)
+
+  def getPixel(x: Int, y: Int): PackedColor = {
+    val offset = (y * width + x) * format.bytesPerPixel
+    PackedColor.decode(format, offset, data)
+  }
+
+  def putPixel(x: Int, y: Int, color: PackedColor): Unit = {
+    val offset = (y * width + x) * format.bytesPerPixel
+    color.encode(format, offset, data)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/PackedColor.scala b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/PackedColor.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..957ed90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/ocelot/desktop/graphics_v2/reference_impl/PackedColor.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.graphics_v2.reference_impl
+
+import ocelot.desktop.graphics_v2.Image
+import ocelot.desktop.graphics_v2.Image.Format
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer
+
+/**
+ * Packed linear color with premultiplied color with 8 bits for alpha and 16 bits per color channel.
+ *
+ * Has the following layout: A_RR_GG_BB.
+ *
+ * The rationale for such encoding is to use a primitive type ([[AnyVal]]) to avoid allocations.
+ *
+ * Using 16 bits per color channel allows seamless sRGB/linear and premultiplied/not-premultiplied round-trips,
+ * assuming we only store 8 bits per channel in our images.
+ */
+private[reference_impl] case class PackedColor(packed: Long) extends AnyVal {
+  def r16: Short = ((packed >> 32) & 0xFFFF).toShort
+
+  def g16: Short = ((packed >> 16) & 0xFFFF).toShort
+
+  def b16: Short = (packed & 0xFFFF).toShort
+
+  def a8: Byte = ((packed >> 48) & 0xFF).toByte
+
+  def encode(format: Image.Format, offset: Int, data: ByteBuffer): Unit = {
+    PackedColor.encode(format, offset, data, this)
+  }
+}
+
+private[reference_impl] object PackedColor {
+  private def pack(r: Short, g: Short, b: Short, a: Short): PackedColor = {
+    PackedColor(((a & 0xFF) << 40) | ((r & 0xFFFF) << 32) | ((g & 0xFFFF) << 16) | (b & 0xFFFF))
+  }
+
+  private def extend8To16Bits(v: Byte): Short = ((v << 8) | v).toShort
+
+  private def shrink16To8Bits(v: Short): Byte = (v / 0xFF).toByte
+
+  private def preMultiply(col: Short, alpha: Byte): Short = (col * alpha / 0xFF).toShort
+
+  private def unPreMultiply(col: Short, alpha: Byte): Short = if (alpha == 0) 0 else (col * 0xFF / alpha).toShort
+
+  private val Srgb8ToLinear16Lut: Array[Short] = {
+    (0 to 0xFF).map { i =>
+      val srgb = i.toFloat / 0xFF.toFloat
+
+      val linear = if (srgb <= 0.04045) {
+        srgb / 12.92
+      } else {
+        math.pow((srgb + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4)
+      }
+
+      (linear * 0xFFFF.toFloat).toShort
+    }.toArray
+  }
+
+  private def srgb8ToLinear16(v: Byte): Short = Srgb8ToLinear16Lut(v)
+
+  private val Linear16ToSrgb8Lut: Array[Byte] = {
+    (0 to 0xFFFF).map { i =>
+      val linear = i.toFloat / 0xFFFF.toFloat
+
+      val srgb = if (linear <= 0.0031308) {
+        linear * 12.92
+      } else {
+        1.055 * math.pow(linear, 1.0/2.4) - 0.055
+      }
+
+      (srgb * 0xFF.toFloat).toByte
+    }.toArray
+  }
+
+  private def linear16ToSrgb8(v: Short): Byte = Linear16ToSrgb8Lut(v)
+
+  def decode(format: Image.Format, offset: Int, data: ByteBuffer): PackedColor = {
+    format match {
+      case Format.LinearR8 =>
+        val r = extend8To16Bits(data.get(offset))
+        pack(r, r, r, 0xFF)
+
+      case Format.LinearRgb8 =>
+        val r = extend8To16Bits(data.get(offset + 0))
+        val g = extend8To16Bits(data.get(offset + 1))
+        val b = extend8To16Bits(data.get(offset + 2))
+        pack(r, g, b, 0xFF)
+
+      case Format.LinearRgba8 =>
+        val r = extend8To16Bits(data.get(offset + 0))
+        val g = extend8To16Bits(data.get(offset + 1))
+        val b = extend8To16Bits(data.get(offset + 2))
+        val a = data.get(offset + 3)
+        pack(r, g, b, a)
+
+      case Format.SrgbRgb8 =>
+        val r = srgb8ToLinear16(data.get(offset + 0))
+        val g = srgb8ToLinear16(data.get(offset + 1))
+        val b = srgb8ToLinear16(data.get(offset + 2))
+        pack(r, g, b, 0xFF)
+
+      case Format.SrgbRgba8 =>
+        val a = data.get(offset + 3)
+        val r = preMultiply(srgb8ToLinear16(data.get(offset + 0)), a)
+        val g = preMultiply(srgb8ToLinear16(data.get(offset + 1)), a)
+        val b = preMultiply(srgb8ToLinear16(data.get(offset + 2)), a)
+        pack(r, g, b, a)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private def encode(format: Image.Format, offset: Int, data: ByteBuffer, color: PackedColor): Unit = {
+    val r = color.r16
+    val g = color.g16
+    val b = color.b16
+    val a = color.a8
+
+    format match {
+      case Format.LinearR8 =>
+        data.put(offset, shrink16To8Bits(r))
+
+      case Format.LinearRgb8 =>
+        data.put(offset + 0, shrink16To8Bits(r))
+        data.put(offset + 1, shrink16To8Bits(g))
+        data.put(offset + 2, shrink16To8Bits(b))
+
+      case Format.LinearRgba8 =>
+        data.put(offset + 0, shrink16To8Bits(r))
+        data.put(offset + 1, shrink16To8Bits(g))
+        data.put(offset + 2, shrink16To8Bits(b))
+        data.put(offset + 3, a)
+
+      case Format.SrgbRgb8 =>
+        data.put(offset + 0, linear16ToSrgb8(r))
+        data.put(offset + 1, linear16ToSrgb8(g))
+        data.put(offset + 2, linear16ToSrgb8(b))
+
+      case Format.SrgbRgba8 =>
+        data.put(offset + 0, linear16ToSrgb8(unPreMultiply(r, a)))
+        data.put(offset + 1, linear16ToSrgb8(unPreMultiply(g, a)))
+        data.put(offset + 2, linear16ToSrgb8(unPreMultiply(b, a)))
+        data.put(offset + 3, a)
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/ColorTest.scala b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/ColorTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bde2cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/ColorTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color.Encoding
+import ocelot.desktop.util.UnitTest
+
+class ColorTest extends UnitTest {
+  test("Pack-unpack round-trip") {
+    forAll { (r16: Short, g16: Short, b16: Short, a8: Byte) =>
+      val packed = Color.pack(r16, g16, b16, a8)
+      assert(packed.r16 == r16)
+      assert(packed.g16 == g16)
+      assert(packed.b16 == b16)
+      assert(packed.a8 == a8)
+    }
+  }
+
+  def checkEncodingRoundTrip(encoding: Encoding, src: Array[Byte]): Unit = {
+    val packed = encoding.decodeFromArray(src)
+    val decoded = encoding.encodeToArray(packed)
+    assert(src sameElements decoded)
+  }
+
+  def checkEncoding(encoding: Encoding, src: Array[Byte], expectedEncoding: Long): Unit = {
+    checkEncodingRoundTrip(encoding, src)
+    val packed = encoding.decodeFromArray(src)
+    assert(packed.inner == expectedEncoding)
+  }
+
+  test("LinearR8 encoding examples") {
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.LinearR8, Array(0x00.toByte), 0xFF_0000_0000_0000L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.LinearR8, Array(0x13.toByte), 0xFF_1313_1313_1313L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.LinearR8, Array(0xFF.toByte), 0xFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFFL)
+  }
+
+  test("LinearR8 encoding round-trip") {
+    forAll { (r: Byte) =>
+      checkEncodingRoundTrip(Encoding.LinearR8, Array(r))
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("LinearRgb8 encoding examples") {
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.LinearRgb8, Array(0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte), 0xFF_0000_0000_0000L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.LinearRgb8, Array(0x12.toByte, 0x34.toByte, 0x56.toByte), 0xFF_1212_3434_5656L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.LinearRgb8, Array(0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte), 0xFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFFL)
+  }
+
+  test("LinearRgb8 encoding round-trip") {
+    forAll { (r: Byte, g: Byte, b: Byte) =>
+      checkEncodingRoundTrip(Encoding.LinearRgb8, Array(r, g, b))
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("SrgbRgb8 encoding examples") {
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.SrgbRgb8, Array(0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte), 0xFF_0000_0000_0000L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.SrgbRgb8, Array(0x12.toByte, 0x34.toByte, 0x56.toByte), 0xFF_018C_08Ca_17D2L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.SrgbRgb8, Array(0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte), 0xFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFFL)
+  }
+
+  test("SrgbRgb8 round-trip") {
+    forAll { (r: Byte, g: Byte, b: Byte) =>
+      checkEncodingRoundTrip(Encoding.SrgbRgb8, Array(r, g, b))
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("LinearRgba8 encoding examples") {
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.LinearRgba8, Array(0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte), 0x00_0000_0000_0000L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.LinearRgba8, Array(0x12.toByte, 0x34.toByte, 0x56.toByte, 0x42.toByte), 0x42_1212_3434_5656L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.LinearRgba8, Array(0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte), 0xFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFFL)
+  }
+
+  test("LinearRgba8 encoding round-trip") {
+    forAll { (r: Byte, g: Byte, b: Byte, a: Byte) =>
+      checkEncodingRoundTrip(Encoding.LinearRgba8, Array(r, g, b, a))
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("SrgbRgba8 encoding examples") {
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.SrgbRgba8, Array(0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte, 0x00.toByte), 0x00_0000_0000_0000L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.SrgbRgba8, Array(0x12.toByte, 0x34.toByte, 0x56.toByte, 0x42.toByte), 0x42_018C_08Ca_17D2L)
+    checkEncoding(Encoding.SrgbRgba8, Array(0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte, 0xFF.toByte), 0xFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFFL)
+  }
+
+  test("SrgbRgba8 encoding round-trip") {
+    forAll { (r: Byte, g: Byte, b: Byte, a: Byte) =>
+      checkEncodingRoundTrip(Encoding.SrgbRgba8, Array(r, g, b, a))
+    }
+  }
+
+  def checkAlphaBlending(bg: Long, fg: Long, res: Long): Unit = {
+    val blend = Color(fg).blendOver(Color(bg))
+    assert(blend.inner == res)
+  }
+
+  test("Alpha blending (opaque foreground)") {
+    checkAlphaBlending(0xFF_1234_5678_9ABCL, 0xFF_CBA9_8765_4321L, 0xFF_CBA9_8765_4321L);
+  }
+
+  test("Alpha blending (white bg + 33% black fg)") {
+    checkAlphaBlending(0xFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFFL, 0x55_0000_0000_0000L, 0xFF_AAAA_AAAA_AAAAL);
+  }
+
+  test("Alpha blending (white bg, 50% black fg)") {
+    checkAlphaBlending(0xFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFFL, 0x80_0000_0000_0000L, 0xFF_7F7F_7F7F_7F7FL);
+  }
+
+  test("Alpha blending (33% red bg, 66% cyan fg)") {
+    checkAlphaBlending(0x55_5555_0000_0000L, 0xAA_0000_AAAA_AAAAL, 0xC6_1C72_AAAA_AAAAL);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/LinearRgbaTest.scala b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/LinearRgbaTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b57cd72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/LinearRgbaTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2.repr
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color
+import ocelot.desktop.util.UnitTest
+
+class LinearRgbaTest extends UnitTest {
+  def checkConversion(rgba: LinearRgba, packed: Long): Unit = {
+    assert(rgba.toColor.inner == packed)
+    assert(LinearRgba.fromColor(Color(packed)).closeTo(rgba))
+  }
+
+  test("Pure red") {
+    checkConversion(LinearRgba(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0), 0xFF_FFFF_0000_0000L)
+  }
+
+  test("Pure green") {
+    checkConversion(LinearRgba(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0), 0xFF_0000_FFFF_0000L)
+  }
+
+  test("Pure blue") {
+    checkConversion(LinearRgba(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0), 0xFF_0000_0000_FFFFL)
+  }
+
+  test("33% red, 66% blue, 33% alpha") {
+    checkConversion(LinearRgba(1.0 / 3.0, 0.0, 2.0 / 3.0, 1.0 / 3.0), 0x55_5555_0000_AAAAL)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/OkhsvTest.scala b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/OkhsvTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec8be42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/OkhsvTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2.repr
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color
+import ocelot.desktop.util.UnitTest
+
+class OkhsvTest extends UnitTest {
+  def checkConversion(okhsv: Okhsv, packed: Long): Unit = {
+    assert(okhsv.toColor.closeTo(Color(packed)))
+    assert(Okhsv.fromColor(Color(packed)).closeTo(okhsv))
+  }
+
+  test("Pure red") {
+    checkConversion(Okhsv(29.23388519234263, 0.9995219692256989, 1.0000000001685625, 1), 0xFF_FFFF_0000_0000L)
+  }
+
+  test("Pure green") {
+    checkConversion(Okhsv(142.49533888780996, 0.9999997210415695, 0.9999999884428648, 1.0), 0xFF_0000_FFFF_0000L)
+  }
+
+  test("Pure blue") {
+    checkConversion(Okhsv(264.052020638055, 0.9999910912349018, 0.9999999646150918, 1), 0xFF_0000_0000_FFFFL)
+  }
+
+  test("33% red, 66% blue, 33% alpha") {
+    checkConversion(Okhsv(311.9937528323292, 1.0005489476783134, 0.8409729279819962, 1.0 / 3.0), 0x55_5555_0000_AAAAL)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/OklabTest.scala b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/OklabTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f70bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/OklabTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2.repr
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color
+import ocelot.desktop.util.UnitTest
+
+class OklabTest extends UnitTest {
+  def checkConversion(oklab: Oklab, packed: Long): Unit = {
+    assert(oklab.toColor.closeTo(Color(packed)))
+    assert(Oklab.fromColor(Color(packed)).closeTo(oklab))
+  }
+
+  test("Pure red") {
+    checkConversion(Oklab(0.6279553606145516, 0.22486306106597398, 0.1258462985307351, 1), 0xFF_FFFF_0000_0000L)
+  }
+
+  test("Pure green") {
+    checkConversion(Oklab(0.8664396115356694, -0.23388757418790818, 0.17949847989672985, 1.0), 0xFF_0000_FFFF_0000L)
+  }
+
+  test("Pure blue") {
+    checkConversion(Oklab(0.4520137183853429, -0.03245698416876397, -0.3115281476783751, 1), 0xFF_0000_0000_FFFFL)
+  }
+
+  test("33% red, 66% blue, 33% alpha") {
+    checkConversion(Oklab(0.5281181319927706, 0.176826580031683, -0.19642887916863233, 1f / 3f), 0x55_5555_0000_AAAAL)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedIntTest.scala b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedIntTest.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2a8f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/color_v2/repr/PackedIntTest.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package ocelot.desktop.color_v2.repr
+
+import ocelot.desktop.color_v2.Color
+import ocelot.desktop.util.UnitTest
+
+class PackedIntTest extends UnitTest {
+  def checkConversion(packedInt: PackedInt, packed: Long): Unit = {
+    assert(packedInt.toColor.inner == packed)
+    assert(PackedInt.fromColor(Color(packed)) == packedInt)
+  }
+
+  test("Pure red") {
+    checkConversion(PackedInt(0xFF0000), 0xFF_FFFF_0000_0000L)
+  }
+
+  test("Pure green") {
+    checkConversion(PackedInt(0x00FF00), 0xFF_0000_FFFF_0000L)
+  }
+
+  test("Pure blue") {
+    checkConversion(PackedInt(0x0000FF), 0xFF_0000_0000_FFFFL)
+  }
+
+  test("33% red, 66% blue") {
+    checkConversion(PackedInt(0x5500AA), 0xFF_1741_0000_66E7L)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/util/UnitTest.scala b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/util/UnitTest.scala
index 267198e..27d92bd 100644
--- a/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/util/UnitTest.scala
+++ b/src/test/scala/ocelot/desktop/util/UnitTest.scala
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package ocelot.desktop.util
 
 import org.scalatest.funsuite.AnyFunSuite
+import org.scalatestplus.scalacheck.ScalaCheckPropertyChecks
 
-trait UnitTest extends AnyFunSuite
+trait UnitTest extends AnyFunSuite with ScalaCheckPropertyChecks