diff --git a/scada-common/audio.lua b/scada-common/audio.lua
index 019b510..e1a6958 100644
--- a/scada-common/audio.lua
+++ b/scada-common/audio.lua
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 
 -- note: max samples = 0x20000 (128 * 1024 samples)
 
-local _2_PI        = 2 * math.pi    -- 2 whole pies, hope you're hungry
-local _DRATE       = 48000          -- 48kHz audio
-local _MAX_VAL     = 127 / 2        -- max signed integer in this 8-bit audio
-local _05s_SAMPLES = 24000          -- half a second worth of samples
+local _2_PI        = 2 * math.pi -- 2 whole pies, hope you're hungry
+local _DRATE       = 48000       -- 48kHz audio data rate
+local _MAX_VAL     = 127 / 2     -- max signed integer in this 8-bit audio
+local _05s_SAMPLES = 24000       -- half a second worth of samples
 
 ---@class audio
 local audio = {}
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ local TONE = {
 
 audio.TONE = TONE
 
+---@type integer[][][]
 local tone_data = {
     { {}, {}, {}, {} }, -- 340Hz @ 2Hz Intermittent
     { {}, {}, {}, {} }, -- 544Hz 100mS / 440Hz 400mS Alternating
@@ -214,7 +215,14 @@ end
 
 -- generate all 8 tone sequences
 function audio.generate_tones()
-    gen_tone_1(); gen_tone_2(); gen_tone_3(); gen_tone_4(); gen_tone_5(); gen_tone_6(); gen_tone_7(); gen_tone_8()
+    gen_tone_1()
+    gen_tone_2()
+    gen_tone_3()
+    gen_tone_4()
+    gen_tone_5()
+    gen_tone_6()
+    gen_tone_7()
+    gen_tone_8()
 end
 
 -- hard audio limiter
@@ -226,7 +234,7 @@ local function limit(output)
 end
 
 -- clear output buffer
----@param buffer table quad buffer
+---@param buffer integer[][] quad buffer
 local function clear(buffer)
     for i = 1, 4 do
         for s = 1, _05s_SAMPLES do buffer[i][s] = 0 end
@@ -239,7 +247,7 @@ function audio.new_stream()
         any_active = false,
         need_recompute = false,
         next_block = 1,
-        -- split audio up into 0.5s samples, so specific components can be ended quicker
+        ---@type integer[][] split audio up into 0.5s samples, so specific components can be ended quicker
         quad_buffer = { {}, {}, {}, {} },
         -- all tone enable states
         tone_active = { false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false }
@@ -263,14 +271,17 @@ function audio.new_stream()
     -- check if a tone is active
     ---@param index TONE tone index
     function public.is_active(index)
-        if self.tone_active[index] then return self.tone_active[index] end
-        return false
+        return self.tone_active[index] or false
     end
 
     -- set all tones inactive, reset next block, and clear output buffer
     function public.stop()
-        for i = 1, #self.tone_active do self.tone_active[i] = false end
+        for i = 1, #self.tone_active do
+            self.tone_active[i] = false
+        end
+
         self.next_block = 1
+
         clear(self.quad_buffer)
     end
 
@@ -287,9 +298,11 @@ function audio.new_stream()
         for id = 1, #tone_data do
             if self.tone_active[id] then
                 self.any_active = true
+
                 for i = 1, 4 do
                     local buffer = self.quad_buffer[i]
                     local values = tone_data[id][i]
+
                     for s = 1, _05s_SAMPLES do self.quad_buffer[i][s] = limit(buffer[s] + values[s]) end
                 end
             end
@@ -305,8 +318,13 @@ function audio.new_stream()
     -- get the next audio block
     function public.get_next_block()
         local block = self.quad_buffer[self.next_block]
+
         self.next_block = self.next_block + 1
-        if self.next_block > 4 then self.next_block = 1 end
+
+        if self.next_block > 4 then
+            self.next_block = 1
+        end
+
         return block
     end
 
diff --git a/scada-common/comms.lua b/scada-common/comms.lua
index 6a82228..6f12fb2 100644
--- a/scada-common/comms.lua
+++ b/scada-common/comms.lua
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ function comms.modbus_packet()
             self.raw = { self.txn_id, self.unit_id, self.func_code }
             for i = 1, self.length do insert(self.raw, data[i]) end
         else
-            log.error("comms.modbus_packet.make(): data not table")
+            log.error("comms.modbus_packet.make(): data not a table")
         end
     end
 
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ function comms.rplc_packet()
             self.raw = { self.id, self.type }
             for i = 1, #data do insert(self.raw, data[i]) end
         else
-            log.error("comms.rplc_packet.make(): data not table")
+            log.error("comms.rplc_packet.make(): data not a table")
         end
     end
 
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ function comms.mgmt_packet()
             self.raw = { self.type }
             for i = 1, #data do insert(self.raw, data[i]) end
         else
-            log.error("comms.mgmt_packet.make(): data not table")
+            log.error("comms.mgmt_packet.make(): data not a table")
         end
     end
 
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ function comms.crdn_packet()
             self.raw = { self.type }
             for i = 1, #data do insert(self.raw, data[i]) end
         else
-            log.error("comms.crdn_packet.make(): data not table")
+            log.error("comms.crdn_packet.make(): data not a table")
         end
     end
 
diff --git a/scada-common/log.lua b/scada-common/log.lua
index f876eaa..c416d9c 100644
--- a/scada-common/log.lua
+++ b/scada-common/log.lua
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ local util = require("scada-common.util")
 ---@class logger
 local log = {}
 
----@alias MODE integer
+---@enum MODE
 local MODE = { APPEND = 0, NEW = 1 }
 
 log.MODE = MODE
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ local logger = {
     mode = MODE.APPEND,
     debug = false,
     file = nil,         ---@type table|nil
-    dmesg_out = nil,
+    dmesg_out = nil,    ---@type table|nil
     dmesg_restore_coord = { 1, 1 },
     dmesg_scroll_count = 0
 }
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ local function _log(msg)
 
     local out_of_space = false
     local time_stamp = os.date("[%c] ")
-    local stamped = time_stamp .. util.strval(msg)
+    local stamped = util.c(time_stamp, msg)
 
     -- attempt to write log
     local status, result = pcall(function ()
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ function log.dmesg_working(msg, tag, tag_color)
 end
 
 -- log debug messages
----@param msg string message
+---@param msg any message
 ---@param trace? boolean include file trace
 function log.debug(msg, trace)
     if logger.debug then
@@ -302,30 +302,30 @@ function log.debug(msg, trace)
             local name = ""
 
             if info.name ~= nil then
-                name = ":" .. info.name .. "():"
+                name = util.c(":", info.name, "():")
             end
 
-            dbg_info = info.short_src .. ":" .. name .. info.currentline .. " > "
+            dbg_info = util.c(info.short_src, ":", name, info.currentline, " > ")
         end
 
-        _log("[DBG] " .. dbg_info .. util.strval(msg))
+        _log(util.c("[DBG] ", dbg_info, msg))
     end
 end
 
 -- log info messages
----@param msg string message
+---@param msg any message
 function log.info(msg)
-    _log("[INF] " .. util.strval(msg))
+    _log(util.c("[INF] ", msg))
 end
 
 -- log warning messages
----@param msg string message
+---@param msg any message
 function log.warning(msg)
-    _log("[WRN] " .. util.strval(msg))
+    _log(util.c("[WRN] ", msg))
 end
 
 -- log error messages
----@param msg string message
+---@param msg any message
 ---@param trace? boolean include file trace
 function log.error(msg, trace)
     local dbg_info = ""
@@ -335,19 +335,19 @@ function log.error(msg, trace)
         local name = ""
 
         if info.name ~= nil then
-            name = ":" .. info.name .. "():"
+            name = util.c(":", info.name, "():")
         end
 
-        dbg_info = info.short_src .. ":" .. name ..  info.currentline .. " > "
+        dbg_info = util.c(info.short_src, ":", name, info.currentline, " > ")
     end
 
-    _log("[ERR] " .. dbg_info .. util.strval(msg))
+    _log(util.c("[ERR] ", dbg_info, msg))
 end
 
 -- log fatal errors
----@param msg string message
+---@param msg any message
 function log.fatal(msg)
-    _log("[FTL] " .. util.strval(msg))
+    _log(util.c("[FTL] ", msg))
 end
 
 return log
diff --git a/scada-common/mqueue.lua b/scada-common/mqueue.lua
index fc60a1e..db09509 100644
--- a/scada-common/mqueue.lua
+++ b/scada-common/mqueue.lua
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ local remove = table.remove
 -- create a new message queue
 ---@nodiscard
 function mqueue.new()
+    ---@type queue_item[]
     local queue = {}
 
     ---@class mqueue
diff --git a/scada-common/network.lua b/scada-common/network.lua
index c34a1d5..0c6e751 100644
--- a/scada-common/network.lua
+++ b/scada-common/network.lua
@@ -85,18 +85,15 @@ function network.nic(modem)
     }
 
     ---@class nic
-    ---@field open function
-    ---@field isOpen function
-    ---@field close function
-    ---@field closeAll function
-    ---@field isWireless function
-    ---@field getNameLocal function
-    ---@field getNamesRemote function
-    ---@field isPresentRemote function
-    ---@field getTypeRemote function
-    ---@field hasTypeRemote function
-    ---@field getMethodsRemote function
-    ---@field callRemote function
+    ---@field isOpen fun(channel: integer) : boolean check if a channel is open
+    ---@field isWireless fun() : boolean determine if this is a wired or wireless modem
+    ---@field getNamesRemote fun() : string[] list all remote peripherals on the wired network
+    ---@field isPresentRemote fun(name: string) : boolean determine if a peripheral is available on this wired network
+    ---@field getTypeRemote fun(name: string) : string|nil get the type of a peripheral is available on this wired network
+    ---@field hasTypeRemote fun(name: string, type: string) : boolean|nil check a peripheral is of a particular type
+    ---@field getMethodsRemote fun(name: string) : string[] get all available methods for the remote peripheral with the given name
+    ---@field callRemote fun(remoteName: string, method: string, ...) : table call a method on a peripheral on this wired network
+    ---@field getNameLocal fun() : string|nil returns the network name of the current computer, if the modem is on
     local public = {}
 
     -- check if this NIC has a connected modem
diff --git a/scada-common/ppm.lua b/scada-common/ppm.lua
index e6a95e8..83f1308 100644
--- a/scada-common/ppm.lua
+++ b/scada-common/ppm.lua
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ ppm.VIRTUAL_DEVICE_TYPE   = VIRTUAL_DEVICE_TYPE
 local REPORT_FREQUENCY = 20 -- log every 20 faults per function
 
 local ppm_sys = {
-    mounts = {},
+    mounts = {},    ---@type { [string]: ppm_entry }
     next_vid = 0,
     auto_cf = false,
     faulted = false,
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ local function peri_init(iface)
     local self = {
         faulted = false,
         last_fault = "",
-        fault_counts = {},
+        fault_counts = {},          ---@type { [string]: integer }
         auto_cf = true,
-        type = VIRTUAL_DEVICE_TYPE,
-        device = {}
+        type = VIRTUAL_DEVICE_TYPE, ---@type string
+        device = {}                 ---@type { [string]: function }
     }
 
     if iface ~= "__virtual__" then
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ local function peri_init(iface)
     setmetatable(self.device, mt)
 
     ---@class ppm_entry
-    local entry = { type = self.type, dev  = self.device }
+    local entry = { type = self.type, dev = self.device }
 
     return entry
 end
@@ -284,10 +284,10 @@ end
 ---@param device table device table
 function ppm.unmount(device)
     if device then
-        for side, data in pairs(ppm_sys.mounts) do
+        for iface, data in pairs(ppm_sys.mounts) do
             if data.dev == device then
-                log.warning(util.c("PPM: manually unmounted ", data.type, " mounted to ", side))
-                ppm_sys.mounts[side] = nil
+                log.warning(util.c("PPM: manually unmounted ", data.type, " mounted to ", iface))
+                ppm_sys.mounts[iface] = nil
                 break
             end
         end
@@ -352,8 +352,8 @@ end
 ---@return string|nil iface CC peripheral interface
 function ppm.get_iface(device)
     if device then
-        for side, data in pairs(ppm_sys.mounts) do
-            if data.dev == device then return side end
+        for iface, data in pairs(ppm_sys.mounts) do
+            if data.dev == device then return iface end
         end
     end
 
diff --git a/scada-common/psil.lua b/scada-common/psil.lua
index 09686bf..f3d810a 100644
--- a/scada-common/psil.lua
+++ b/scada-common/psil.lua
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ local util = require("scada-common.util")
 
 local psil = {}
 
--- instantiate a new PSI layer
+-- instantiate a new interconnect layer
 ---@nodiscard
 function psil.create()
+    ---@type { [string]: { subscribers: { notify: fun(param: any) }[], value: any } } interconnect table
     local ic = {}
 
     -- allocate a new interconnect field
diff --git a/scada-common/rsio.lua b/scada-common/rsio.lua
index fb3a50a..b88180a 100644
--- a/scada-common/rsio.lua
+++ b/scada-common/rsio.lua
@@ -113,10 +113,13 @@ assert(#dup_chk == rsio.NUM_PORTS, "port list malformed")
 local IO = IO_PORT
 
 -- list of all port names
+---@type string[]
 local PORT_NAMES = {}
+
 for k, v in pairs(IO) do PORT_NAMES[v] = k end
 
 -- list of all port I/O modes
+---@type { [IO_PORT]: IO_MODE }
 local MODES = {
     [IO.F_SCRAM]       = IO_MODE.DIGITAL_IN,
     [IO.F_ACK]         = IO_MODE.DIGITAL_IN,
@@ -233,6 +236,7 @@ end
 
 --#region Generic Checks
 
+---@type string[]
 local RS_SIDES = rs.getSides()
 
 -- check if a port is valid
diff --git a/scada-common/tcd.lua b/scada-common/tcd.lua
index a3c920f..f11c2d8 100644
--- a/scada-common/tcd.lua
+++ b/scada-common/tcd.lua
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ local util = require("scada-common.util")
 
 local tcd = {}
 
+---@type { callback: function, duration: number, expiry: number }[]
 local registry = {}
 
 -- request a function to be called after the specified time
diff --git a/scada-common/util.lua b/scada-common/util.lua
index 36a73fc..6176b63 100644
--- a/scada-common/util.lua
+++ b/scada-common/util.lua
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ local t_pack   = table.pack
 local util = {}
 
 -- scada-common version
-util.version = "1.4.4"
+util.version = "1.4.5"
 
 util.TICK_TIME_S = 0.05
 util.TICK_TIME_MS = 50
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ util.TICK_TIME_MS = 50
 
 -- trinary operator
 ---@nodiscard
----@param cond boolean|nil condition
----@param a any return if true
----@param b any return if false
+---@param cond any condition
+---@param a any return if evaluated as true
+---@param b any return if false or nil
 ---@return any value
 function util.trinary(cond, a, b)
     if cond then return a else return b end
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ end
 -- does not behave exactly like C's strtok
 ---@param str string string to tokenize
 ---@param sep string separator to tokenize by
----@return table token_list
+---@return string[] token_list
 function util.strtok(str, sep)
     local list = {}
     for part in string.gmatch(str, "([^" .. sep .. "]+)") do t_insert(list, part) end
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ end
 ---@nodiscard
 ---@param str string
 ---@param limit integer line limit, must be greater than 0
----@return table lines
+---@return string[] lines
 function util.strwrap(str, limit)
     assert(limit > 0, "util.strwrap() limit not greater than 0")
     return cc_strings.wrap(str, limit)
@@ -343,8 +343,9 @@ end
 
 -- delete elements from a table if the passed function returns false when passed a table element<br>
 -- put briefly: deletes elements that return false, keeps elements that return true
----@param t table table to remove elements from
----@param f function should return false to delete an element when passed the element: f(elem) = true|false
+---@generic Type
+---@param t Type[] table to remove elements from
+---@param f fun(t_elem: Type) : boolean should return false to delete an element when passed the element
 ---@param on_delete? function optional function to execute on deletion, passed the table element to be deleted as the parameter
 function util.filter_table(t, f, on_delete)
     local move_to = 1
@@ -366,9 +367,10 @@ function util.filter_table(t, f, on_delete)
 end
 
 -- check if a table contains the provided element
+---@generic Type
 ---@nodiscard
----@param t table table to check
----@param element any element to check for
+---@param t Type[] table to check
+---@param element Type element to check for
 function util.table_contains(t, element)
     for i = 1, #t do
         if t[i] == element then return true end