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Author SHA1 Message Date
Eelco Dolstra
8d2b5adafc * Tagged Nix in preparation for heavy breakage. 2003-11-14 09:54:00 +00:00
1081 changed files with 11235 additions and 128851 deletions

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@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
((c++-mode . (
(c-file-style . "k&r")
(c-basic-offset . 4)
(c-block-comment-prefix . " ")
(indent-tabs-mode . nil)
(tab-width . 4)
(show-trailing-whitespace . t)
(indicate-empty-lines . t)
(eval . (c-set-offset 'innamespace 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'defun-open 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'inline-open 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'arglist-intro '+))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'arglist-cont 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'arglist-cont-nonempty '+))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'substatement-open 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'access-label '-))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'inlambda 0))
)))

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@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
# EditorConfig configuration for nix
# http://EditorConfig.org
# Top-most EditorConfig file
root = true
# Unix-style newlines with a newline ending every file, utf-8 charset
[*]
end_of_line = lf
insert_final_newline = true
trim_trailing_whitespace = true
charset = utf-8
# Match nix files, set indent to spaces with width of two
[*.nix]
indent_style = space
indent_size = 2
# Match c++/shell/perl, set indent to spaces with width of four
[*.{hpp,cc,hh,sh,pl}]
indent_style = space
indent_size = 4
# Match diffs, avoid to trim trailing whitespace
[*.{diff,patch}]
trim_trailing_whitespace = false

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@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
---
name: Bug report
about: Create a report to help us improve
title: ''
labels: bug
assignees: ''
---
**Describe the bug**
A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
If you have a problem with a specific package or NixOS,
you probably want to file an issue at https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues.
**Steps To Reproduce**
1. Go to '...'
2. Click on '....'
3. Scroll down to '....'
4. See error
**Expected behavior**
A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
**`nix-env --version` output**
**Additional context**
Add any other context about the problem here.

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@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
---
name: Feature request
about: Suggest an idea for this project
title: ''
labels: improvement
assignees: ''
---
**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**
A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I'm always frustrated when [...]
**Describe the solution you'd like**
A clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
**Describe alternatives you've considered**
A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
**Additional context**
Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.

35
.github/STALE-BOT.md vendored
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@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
# Stale bot information
- Thanks for your contribution!
- To remove the stale label, just leave a new comment.
- _How to find the right people to ping?_ → [`git blame`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-blame) to the rescue! (or GitHub's history and blame buttons.)
- You can always ask for help on [our Discourse Forum](https://discourse.nixos.org/) or on [Matrix - #nix:nixos.org](https://matrix.to/#/#nix:nixos.org).
## Suggestions for PRs
1. GitHub sometimes doesn't notify people who commented / reviewed a PR previously, when you (force) push commits. If you have addressed the reviews you can [officially ask for a review](https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/requesting-a-pull-request-review) from those who commented to you or anyone else.
2. If it is unfinished but you plan to finish it, please mark it as a draft.
3. If you don't expect to work on it any time soon, closing it with a short comment may encourage someone else to pick up your work.
4. To get things rolling again, rebase the PR against the target branch and address valid comments.
5. If you need a review to move forward, ask in [the Discourse thread for PRs that need help](https://discourse.nixos.org/t/prs-in-distress/3604).
6. If all you need is a merge, check the git history to find and [request reviews](https://docs.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/requesting-a-pull-request-review) from people who usually merge related contributions.
## Suggestions for issues
1. If it is resolved (either for you personally, or in general), please consider closing it.
2. If this might still be an issue, but you are not interested in promoting its resolution, please consider closing it while encouraging others to take over and reopen an issue if they care enough.
3. If you still have interest in resolving it, try to ping somebody who you believe might have an interest in the topic. Consider discussing the problem in [our Discourse Forum](https://discourse.nixos.org/).
4. As with all open source projects, your best option is to submit a Pull Request that addresses this issue. We :heart: this attitude!
**Memorandum on closing issues**
Don't be afraid to close an issue that holds valuable information. Closed issues stay in the system for people to search, read, cross-reference, or even reopen--nothing is lost! Closing obsolete issues is an important way to help maintainers focus their time and effort.
## Useful GitHub search queries
- [Open PRs with any stale-bot interaction](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+commenter%3Aapp%2Fstale+)
- [Open PRs with any stale-bot interaction and `stale`](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+commenter%3Aapp%2Fstale+label%3A%22stale%22)
- [Open PRs with any stale-bot interaction and NOT `stale`](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+commenter%3Aapp%2Fstale+-label%3A%22stale%22+)
- [Open Issues with any stale-bot interaction](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+commenter%3Aapp%2Fstale+)
- [Open Issues with any stale-bot interaction and `stale`](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+commenter%3Aapp%2Fstale+label%3A%22stale%22+)
- [Open Issues with any stale-bot interaction and NOT `stale`](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+commenter%3Aapp%2Fstale+-label%3A%22stale%22+)

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@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
version: 2
updates:
- package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
directory: "/"
schedule:
interval: "weekly"

10
.github/stale.yml vendored
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@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
# Configuration for probot-stale - https://github.com/probot/stale
daysUntilStale: 180
daysUntilClose: 365
exemptLabels:
- "critical"
staleLabel: "stale"
markComment: |
I marked this as stale due to inactivity. → [More info](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/blob/master/.github/STALE-BOT.md)
closeComment: |
I closed this issue due to inactivity. → [More info](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/blob/master/.github/STALE-BOT.md)

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@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
name: "Test"
on:
pull_request:
push:
jobs:
tests:
strategy:
matrix:
os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2.3.4
with:
fetch-depth: 0
- uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v13
- run: echo CACHIX_NAME="$(echo $GITHUB_REPOSITORY-install-tests | tr "[A-Z]/" "[a-z]-")" >> $GITHUB_ENV
- uses: cachix/cachix-action@v10
with:
name: '${{ env.CACHIX_NAME }}'
signingKey: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_SIGNING_KEY }}'
authToken: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_AUTH_TOKEN }}'
- run: nix-build -A checks.$(nix-instantiate --eval -E '(builtins.currentSystem)')
check_cachix:
name: Cachix secret present for installer tests
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
outputs:
secret: ${{ steps.secret.outputs.secret }}
steps:
- name: Check for Cachix secret
id: secret
env:
_CACHIX_SECRETS: ${{ secrets.CACHIX_SIGNING_KEY }}${{ secrets.CACHIX_AUTH_TOKEN }}
run: echo "::set-output name=secret::${{ env._CACHIX_SECRETS != '' }}"
installer:
needs: [tests, check_cachix]
if: github.event_name == 'push' && needs.check_cachix.outputs.secret == 'true'
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
outputs:
installerURL: ${{ steps.prepare-installer.outputs.installerURL }}
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2.3.4
with:
fetch-depth: 0
- run: echo CACHIX_NAME="$(echo $GITHUB_REPOSITORY-install-tests | tr "[A-Z]/" "[a-z]-")" >> $GITHUB_ENV
- uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v13
- uses: cachix/cachix-action@v10
with:
name: '${{ env.CACHIX_NAME }}'
signingKey: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_SIGNING_KEY }}'
authToken: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_AUTH_TOKEN }}'
- id: prepare-installer
run: scripts/prepare-installer-for-github-actions
installer_test:
needs: [installer, check_cachix]
if: github.event_name == 'push' && needs.check_cachix.outputs.secret == 'true'
strategy:
matrix:
os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2.3.4
- run: echo CACHIX_NAME="$(echo $GITHUB_REPOSITORY-install-tests | tr "[A-Z]/" "[a-z]-")" >> $GITHUB_ENV
- uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v13
with:
install_url: '${{needs.installer.outputs.installerURL}}'
install_options: "--tarball-url-prefix https://${{ env.CACHIX_NAME }}.cachix.org/serve"
- run: nix-instantiate -E 'builtins.currentTime' --eval

126
.gitignore vendored
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@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
Makefile.config
perl/Makefile.config
# /
/aclocal.m4
/autom4te.cache
/precompiled-headers.h.gch
/config.*
/configure
/stamp-h1
/svn-revision
/libtool
# /doc/manual/
/doc/manual/*.1
/doc/manual/*.5
/doc/manual/*.8
/doc/manual/nix.json
/doc/manual/conf-file.json
/doc/manual/builtins.json
/doc/manual/src/SUMMARY.md
/doc/manual/src/command-ref/new-cli
/doc/manual/src/command-ref/conf-file.md
/doc/manual/src/expressions/builtins.md
# /scripts/
/scripts/nix-profile.sh
/scripts/nix-reduce-build
/scripts/nix-http-export.cgi
/scripts/nix-profile-daemon.sh
# /src/libexpr/
/src/libexpr/lexer-tab.cc
/src/libexpr/lexer-tab.hh
/src/libexpr/parser-tab.cc
/src/libexpr/parser-tab.hh
/src/libexpr/parser-tab.output
/src/libexpr/nix.tbl
# /src/libstore/
*.gen.*
# /src/libutil/
/src/libutil/tests/libutil-tests
/src/nix/nix
# /src/nix-env/
/src/nix-env/nix-env
# /src/nix-instantiate/
/src/nix-instantiate/nix-instantiate
# /src/nix-store/
/src/nix-store/nix-store
/src/nix-prefetch-url/nix-prefetch-url
# /src/nix-daemon/
/src/nix-daemon/nix-daemon
/src/nix-collect-garbage/nix-collect-garbage
# /src/nix-channel/
/src/nix-channel/nix-channel
# /src/nix-build/
/src/nix-build/nix-build
/src/nix-copy-closure/nix-copy-closure
/src/error-demo/error-demo
/src/build-remote/build-remote
# /tests/
/tests/test-tmp
/tests/common.sh
/tests/dummy
/tests/result*
/tests/restricted-innocent
/tests/shell
/tests/shell.drv
/tests/config.nix
/tests/ca/config.nix
# /tests/lang/
/tests/lang/*.out
/tests/lang/*.out.xml
/tests/lang/*.ast
/perl/lib/Nix/Config.pm
/perl/lib/Nix/Store.cc
/misc/systemd/nix-daemon.service
/misc/systemd/nix-daemon.socket
/misc/upstart/nix-daemon.conf
/src/resolve-system-dependencies/resolve-system-dependencies
outputs/
*.a
*.o
*.so
*.dylib
*.dll
*.exe
*.dep
*~
*.pc
*.plist
# GNU Global
GPATH
GRTAGS
GSYMS
GTAGS
# ccls
/.ccls-cache
# auto-generated compilation database
compile_commands.json
nix-rust/target

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@@ -1 +0,0 @@
2.4

640
COPYING
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@@ -1,397 +1,221 @@
GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2.1, February 1999
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
[This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL. It also counts
as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence
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Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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@@ -401,104 +225,116 @@ impose that choice.
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
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Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
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You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
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necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the
library `Frob' (a library for tweaking knobs) written by James Random Hacker.
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1990
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
That's all there is to it!
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.

229
INSTALL Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
This file is free documentation; the Free Software Foundation gives
unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it.
Basic Installation
==================
These are generic installation instructions.
The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package.
It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent
definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that
you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a
file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for
debugging `configure').
It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache'
and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves
the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. (Caching is
disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale
cache files.)
If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try
to figure out how `configure' could check whether to do them, and mail
diffs or instructions to the address given in the `README' so they can
be considered for the next release. If you are using the cache, and at
some point `config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you
may remove or edit it.
The file `configure.ac' (or `configure.in') is used to create
`configure' by a program called `autoconf'. You only need
`configure.ac' if you want to change it or regenerate `configure' using
a newer version of `autoconf'.
The simplest way to compile this package is:
1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type
`./configure' to configure the package for your system. If you're
using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type
`sh ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute
`configure' itself.
Running `configure' takes awhile. While running, it prints some
messages telling which features it is checking for.
2. Type `make' to compile the package.
3. Optionally, type `make check' to run any self-tests that come with
the package.
4. Type `make install' to install the programs and any data files and
documentation.
5. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the
files that `configure' created (so you can compile the package for
a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'. There is
also a `make maintainer-clean' target, but that is intended mainly
for the package's developers. If you use it, you may have to get
all sorts of other programs in order to regenerate files that came
with the distribution.
Compilers and Options
=====================
Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that
the `configure' script does not know about. Run `./configure --help'
for details on some of the pertinent environment variables.
You can give `configure' initial values for configuration parameters
by setting variables in the command line or in the environment. Here
is an example:
./configure CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix
*Note Defining Variables::, for more details.
Compiling For Multiple Architectures
====================================
You can compile the package for more than one kind of computer at the
same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
own directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that
supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the
directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
the `configure' script. `configure' automatically checks for the
source code in the directory that `configure' is in and in `..'.
If you have to use a `make' that does not support the `VPATH'
variable, you have to compile the package for one architecture at a
time in the source code directory. After you have installed the
package for one architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring
for another architecture.
Installation Names
==================
By default, `make install' will install the package's files in
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an
installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the
option `--prefix=PATH'.
You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you
give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', the package will use
PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
In addition, if you use an unusual directory layout you can give
options like `--bindir=PATH' to specify different values for particular
kinds of files. Run `configure --help' for a list of the directories
you can set and what kinds of files go in them.
If the package supports it, you can cause programs to be installed
with an extra prefix or suffix on their names by giving `configure' the
option `--program-prefix=PREFIX' or `--program-suffix=SUFFIX'.
Optional Features
=================
Some packages pay attention to `--enable-FEATURE' options to
`configure', where FEATURE indicates an optional part of the package.
They may also pay attention to `--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE
is something like `gnu-as' or `x' (for the X Window System). The
`README' should mention any `--enable-' and `--with-' options that the
package recognizes.
For packages that use the X Window System, `configure' can usually
find the X include and library files automatically, but if it doesn't,
you can use the `configure' options `--x-includes=DIR' and
`--x-libraries=DIR' to specify their locations.
Specifying the System Type
==========================
There may be some features `configure' cannot figure out
automatically, but needs to determine by the type of machine the package
will run on. Usually, assuming the package is built to be run on the
_same_ architectures, `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints
a message saying it cannot guess the machine type, give it the
`--build=TYPE' option. TYPE can either be a short name for the system
type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name which has the form:
CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM
where SYSTEM can have one of these forms:
OS KERNEL-OS
See the file `config.sub' for the possible values of each field. If
`config.sub' isn't included in this package, then this package doesn't
need to know the machine type.
If you are _building_ compiler tools for cross-compiling, you should
use the `--target=TYPE' option to select the type of system they will
produce code for.
If you want to _use_ a cross compiler, that generates code for a
platform different from the build platform, you should specify the
"host" platform (i.e., that on which the generated programs will
eventually be run) with `--host=TYPE'.
Sharing Defaults
================
If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share,
you can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives
default values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'.
`configure' looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
A warning: not all `configure' scripts look for a site script.
Defining Variables
==================
Variables not defined in a site shell script can be set in the
environment passed to `configure'. However, some packages may run
configure again during the build, and the customized values of these
variables may be lost. In order to avoid this problem, you should set
them in the `configure' command line, using `VAR=value'. For example:
./configure CC=/usr/local2/bin/gcc
will cause the specified gcc to be used as the C compiler (unless it is
overridden in the site shell script).
`configure' Invocation
======================
`configure' recognizes the following options to control how it
operates.
`--help'
`-h'
Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit.
`--version'
`-V'
Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure'
script, and exit.
`--cache-file=FILE'
Enable the cache: use and save the results of the tests in FILE,
traditionally `config.cache'. FILE defaults to `/dev/null' to
disable caching.
`--config-cache'
`-C'
Alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'.
`--quiet'
`--silent'
`-q'
Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. To
suppress all normal output, redirect it to `/dev/null' (any error
messages will still be shown).
`--srcdir=DIR'
Look for the package's source code in directory DIR. Usually
`configure' can determine that directory automatically.
`configure' also accepts some other, not widely useful, options. Run
`configure --help' for more details.

View File

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
makefiles = \
mk/precompiled-headers.mk \
local.mk \
src/libutil/local.mk \
src/libutil/tests/local.mk \
src/libstore/local.mk \
src/libfetchers/local.mk \
src/libmain/local.mk \
src/libexpr/local.mk \
src/libcmd/local.mk \
src/nix/local.mk \
src/resolve-system-dependencies/local.mk \
scripts/local.mk \
misc/bash/local.mk \
misc/zsh/local.mk \
misc/systemd/local.mk \
misc/launchd/local.mk \
misc/upstart/local.mk \
doc/manual/local.mk \
tests/local.mk \
tests/plugins/local.mk
-include Makefile.config
OPTIMIZE = 1
ifeq ($(OPTIMIZE), 1)
GLOBAL_CXXFLAGS += -O3
else
GLOBAL_CXXFLAGS += -O0 -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE
endif
include mk/lib.mk
GLOBAL_CXXFLAGS += -g -Wall -include config.h -std=c++17

3
Makefile.am Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
SUBDIRS = externals src scripts corepkgs doc
EXTRA_DIST = substitute.mk

View File

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
AR = @AR@
BDW_GC_LIBS = @BDW_GC_LIBS@
BOOST_LDFLAGS = @BOOST_LDFLAGS@
BUILD_SHARED_LIBS = @BUILD_SHARED_LIBS@
CC = @CC@
CFLAGS = @CFLAGS@
CXX = @CXX@
CXXFLAGS = @CXXFLAGS@
EDITLINE_LIBS = @EDITLINE_LIBS@
ENABLE_S3 = @ENABLE_S3@
GTEST_LIBS = @GTEST_LIBS@
HAVE_LIBCPUID = @HAVE_LIBCPUID@
HAVE_SECCOMP = @HAVE_SECCOMP@
LDFLAGS = @LDFLAGS@
LIBARCHIVE_LIBS = @LIBARCHIVE_LIBS@
LIBBROTLI_LIBS = @LIBBROTLI_LIBS@
LIBCURL_LIBS = @LIBCURL_LIBS@
OPENSSL_LIBS = @OPENSSL_LIBS@
LIBSECCOMP_LIBS = @LIBSECCOMP_LIBS@
PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@
PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
SHELL = @bash@
SODIUM_LIBS = @SODIUM_LIBS@
SQLITE3_LIBS = @SQLITE3_LIBS@
bash = @bash@
bindir = @bindir@
datadir = @datadir@
datarootdir = @datarootdir@
doc_generate = @doc_generate@
docdir = @docdir@
exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
includedir = @includedir@
libdir = @libdir@
libexecdir = @libexecdir@
localstatedir = @localstatedir@
lsof = @lsof@
mandir = @mandir@
pkglibdir = $(libdir)/$(PACKAGE_NAME)
prefix = @prefix@
sandbox_shell = @sandbox_shell@
storedir = @storedir@
sysconfdir = @sysconfdir@
system = @system@

36
README Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
Overview
========
Nix is a package manager, deployment system, and component glue
mechanism.
Prerequisites
=============
* Berkeley DB 4.0.14
* CWI ATerm 2.0
Installation
============
* When building from the Subversion repository, first do:
autoreconf -i
* To build, do:
./configure
make
make install
Note that this will install to /nix, which is the default prefix.
You can specify another prefix, but this is not recommended if you
want to use prebuilt packages from other sources.
Usage
=====
TODO

View File

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
# Nix
[![Open Collective supporters](https://opencollective.com/nixos/tiers/supporter/badge.svg?label=Supporters&color=brightgreen)](https://opencollective.com/nixos)
[![Test](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/actions)
Nix is a powerful package manager for Linux and other Unix systems that makes package
management reliable and reproducible. Please refer to the [Nix manual](https://nixos.org/nix/manual)
for more details.
## Installation
On Linux and macOS the easiest way to install Nix is to run the following shell command
(as a user other than root):
```console
$ curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install | sh
```
Information on additional installation methods is available on the [Nix download page](https://nixos.org/download.html).
## Building And Developing
See our [Hacking guide](https://hydra.nixos.org/job/nix/master/build.x86_64-linux/latest/download-by-type/doc/manual/contributing/hacking.html) in our manual for instruction on how to
build nix from source with nix-build or how to get a development environment.
## Additional Resources
- [Nix manual](https://nixos.org/nix/manual)
- [Nix jobsets on hydra.nixos.org](https://hydra.nixos.org/project/nix)
- [NixOS Discourse](https://discourse.nixos.org/)
- [Matrix - #nix:nixos.org](https://matrix.to/#/#nix:nixos.org)
- [IRC - #nixos on libera.chat](irc://irc.libera.chat/#nixos)
## License
Nix is released under the [LGPL v2.1](./COPYING).

View File

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
#! /bin/sh -e
rm -f aclocal.m4
mkdir -p config
exec autoreconf -vfi

1700
config/config.guess vendored

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

1860
config/config.sub vendored

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

View File

@@ -1,527 +0,0 @@
#!/bin/sh
# install - install a program, script, or datafile
scriptversion=2011-11-20.07; # UTC
# This originates from X11R5 (mit/util/scripts/install.sh), which was
# later released in X11R6 (xc/config/util/install.sh) with the
# following copyright and license.
#
# Copyright (C) 1994 X Consortium
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
# deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
# rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
# sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# X CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
# AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNEC-
# TION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
# Except as contained in this notice, the name of the X Consortium shall not
# be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other deal-
# ings in this Software without prior written authorization from the X Consor-
# tium.
#
#
# FSF changes to this file are in the public domain.
#
# Calling this script install-sh is preferred over install.sh, to prevent
# 'make' implicit rules from creating a file called install from it
# when there is no Makefile.
#
# This script is compatible with the BSD install script, but was written
# from scratch.
nl='
'
IFS=" "" $nl"
# set DOITPROG to echo to test this script
# Don't use :- since 4.3BSD and earlier shells don't like it.
doit=${DOITPROG-}
if test -z "$doit"; then
doit_exec=exec
else
doit_exec=$doit
fi
# Put in absolute file names if you don't have them in your path;
# or use environment vars.
chgrpprog=${CHGRPPROG-chgrp}
chmodprog=${CHMODPROG-chmod}
chownprog=${CHOWNPROG-chown}
cmpprog=${CMPPROG-cmp}
cpprog=${CPPROG-cp}
mkdirprog=${MKDIRPROG-mkdir}
mvprog=${MVPROG-mv}
rmprog=${RMPROG-rm}
stripprog=${STRIPPROG-strip}
posix_glob='?'
initialize_posix_glob='
test "$posix_glob" != "?" || {
if (set -f) 2>/dev/null; then
posix_glob=
else
posix_glob=:
fi
}
'
posix_mkdir=
# Desired mode of installed file.
mode=0755
chgrpcmd=
chmodcmd=$chmodprog
chowncmd=
mvcmd=$mvprog
rmcmd="$rmprog -f"
stripcmd=
src=
dst=
dir_arg=
dst_arg=
copy_on_change=false
no_target_directory=
usage="\
Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [-T] SRCFILE DSTFILE
or: $0 [OPTION]... SRCFILES... DIRECTORY
or: $0 [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SRCFILES...
or: $0 [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORIES...
In the 1st form, copy SRCFILE to DSTFILE.
In the 2nd and 3rd, copy all SRCFILES to DIRECTORY.
In the 4th, create DIRECTORIES.
Options:
--help display this help and exit.
--version display version info and exit.
-c (ignored)
-C install only if different (preserve the last data modification time)
-d create directories instead of installing files.
-g GROUP $chgrpprog installed files to GROUP.
-m MODE $chmodprog installed files to MODE.
-o USER $chownprog installed files to USER.
-s $stripprog installed files.
-t DIRECTORY install into DIRECTORY.
-T report an error if DSTFILE is a directory.
Environment variables override the default commands:
CHGRPPROG CHMODPROG CHOWNPROG CMPPROG CPPROG MKDIRPROG MVPROG
RMPROG STRIPPROG
"
while test $# -ne 0; do
case $1 in
-c) ;;
-C) copy_on_change=true;;
-d) dir_arg=true;;
-g) chgrpcmd="$chgrpprog $2"
shift;;
--help) echo "$usage"; exit $?;;
-m) mode=$2
case $mode in
*' '* | *' '* | *'
'* | *'*'* | *'?'* | *'['*)
echo "$0: invalid mode: $mode" >&2
exit 1;;
esac
shift;;
-o) chowncmd="$chownprog $2"
shift;;
-s) stripcmd=$stripprog;;
-t) dst_arg=$2
# Protect names problematic for 'test' and other utilities.
case $dst_arg in
-* | [=\(\)!]) dst_arg=./$dst_arg;;
esac
shift;;
-T) no_target_directory=true;;
--version) echo "$0 $scriptversion"; exit $?;;
--) shift
break;;
-*) echo "$0: invalid option: $1" >&2
exit 1;;
*) break;;
esac
shift
done
if test $# -ne 0 && test -z "$dir_arg$dst_arg"; then
# When -d is used, all remaining arguments are directories to create.
# When -t is used, the destination is already specified.
# Otherwise, the last argument is the destination. Remove it from $@.
for arg
do
if test -n "$dst_arg"; then
# $@ is not empty: it contains at least $arg.
set fnord "$@" "$dst_arg"
shift # fnord
fi
shift # arg
dst_arg=$arg
# Protect names problematic for 'test' and other utilities.
case $dst_arg in
-* | [=\(\)!]) dst_arg=./$dst_arg;;
esac
done
fi
if test $# -eq 0; then
if test -z "$dir_arg"; then
echo "$0: no input file specified." >&2
exit 1
fi
# It's OK to call 'install-sh -d' without argument.
# This can happen when creating conditional directories.
exit 0
fi
if test -z "$dir_arg"; then
do_exit='(exit $ret); exit $ret'
trap "ret=129; $do_exit" 1
trap "ret=130; $do_exit" 2
trap "ret=141; $do_exit" 13
trap "ret=143; $do_exit" 15
# Set umask so as not to create temps with too-generous modes.
# However, 'strip' requires both read and write access to temps.
case $mode in
# Optimize common cases.
*644) cp_umask=133;;
*755) cp_umask=22;;
*[0-7])
if test -z "$stripcmd"; then
u_plus_rw=
else
u_plus_rw='% 200'
fi
cp_umask=`expr '(' 777 - $mode % 1000 ')' $u_plus_rw`;;
*)
if test -z "$stripcmd"; then
u_plus_rw=
else
u_plus_rw=,u+rw
fi
cp_umask=$mode$u_plus_rw;;
esac
fi
for src
do
# Protect names problematic for 'test' and other utilities.
case $src in
-* | [=\(\)!]) src=./$src;;
esac
if test -n "$dir_arg"; then
dst=$src
dstdir=$dst
test -d "$dstdir"
dstdir_status=$?
else
# Waiting for this to be detected by the "$cpprog $src $dsttmp" command
# might cause directories to be created, which would be especially bad
# if $src (and thus $dsttmp) contains '*'.
if test ! -f "$src" && test ! -d "$src"; then
echo "$0: $src does not exist." >&2
exit 1
fi
if test -z "$dst_arg"; then
echo "$0: no destination specified." >&2
exit 1
fi
dst=$dst_arg
# If destination is a directory, append the input filename; won't work
# if double slashes aren't ignored.
if test -d "$dst"; then
if test -n "$no_target_directory"; then
echo "$0: $dst_arg: Is a directory" >&2
exit 1
fi
dstdir=$dst
dst=$dstdir/`basename "$src"`
dstdir_status=0
else
# Prefer dirname, but fall back on a substitute if dirname fails.
dstdir=`
(dirname "$dst") 2>/dev/null ||
expr X"$dst" : 'X\(.*[^/]\)//*[^/][^/]*/*$' \| \
X"$dst" : 'X\(//\)[^/]' \| \
X"$dst" : 'X\(//\)$' \| \
X"$dst" : 'X\(/\)' \| . 2>/dev/null ||
echo X"$dst" |
sed '/^X\(.*[^/]\)\/\/*[^/][^/]*\/*$/{
s//\1/
q
}
/^X\(\/\/\)[^/].*/{
s//\1/
q
}
/^X\(\/\/\)$/{
s//\1/
q
}
/^X\(\/\).*/{
s//\1/
q
}
s/.*/./; q'
`
test -d "$dstdir"
dstdir_status=$?
fi
fi
obsolete_mkdir_used=false
if test $dstdir_status != 0; then
case $posix_mkdir in
'')
# Create intermediate dirs using mode 755 as modified by the umask.
# This is like FreeBSD 'install' as of 1997-10-28.
umask=`umask`
case $stripcmd.$umask in
# Optimize common cases.
*[2367][2367]) mkdir_umask=$umask;;
.*0[02][02] | .[02][02] | .[02]) mkdir_umask=22;;
*[0-7])
mkdir_umask=`expr $umask + 22 \
- $umask % 100 % 40 + $umask % 20 \
- $umask % 10 % 4 + $umask % 2
`;;
*) mkdir_umask=$umask,go-w;;
esac
# With -d, create the new directory with the user-specified mode.
# Otherwise, rely on $mkdir_umask.
if test -n "$dir_arg"; then
mkdir_mode=-m$mode
else
mkdir_mode=
fi
posix_mkdir=false
case $umask in
*[123567][0-7][0-7])
# POSIX mkdir -p sets u+wx bits regardless of umask, which
# is incompatible with FreeBSD 'install' when (umask & 300) != 0.
;;
*)
tmpdir=${TMPDIR-/tmp}/ins$RANDOM-$$
trap 'ret=$?; rmdir "$tmpdir/d" "$tmpdir" 2>/dev/null; exit $ret' 0
if (umask $mkdir_umask &&
exec $mkdirprog $mkdir_mode -p -- "$tmpdir/d") >/dev/null 2>&1
then
if test -z "$dir_arg" || {
# Check for POSIX incompatibilities with -m.
# HP-UX 11.23 and IRIX 6.5 mkdir -m -p sets group- or
# other-writable bit of parent directory when it shouldn't.
# FreeBSD 6.1 mkdir -m -p sets mode of existing directory.
ls_ld_tmpdir=`ls -ld "$tmpdir"`
case $ls_ld_tmpdir in
d????-?r-*) different_mode=700;;
d????-?--*) different_mode=755;;
*) false;;
esac &&
$mkdirprog -m$different_mode -p -- "$tmpdir" && {
ls_ld_tmpdir_1=`ls -ld "$tmpdir"`
test "$ls_ld_tmpdir" = "$ls_ld_tmpdir_1"
}
}
then posix_mkdir=:
fi
rmdir "$tmpdir/d" "$tmpdir"
else
# Remove any dirs left behind by ancient mkdir implementations.
rmdir ./$mkdir_mode ./-p ./-- 2>/dev/null
fi
trap '' 0;;
esac;;
esac
if
$posix_mkdir && (
umask $mkdir_umask &&
$doit_exec $mkdirprog $mkdir_mode -p -- "$dstdir"
)
then :
else
# The umask is ridiculous, or mkdir does not conform to POSIX,
# or it failed possibly due to a race condition. Create the
# directory the slow way, step by step, checking for races as we go.
case $dstdir in
/*) prefix='/';;
[-=\(\)!]*) prefix='./';;
*) prefix='';;
esac
eval "$initialize_posix_glob"
oIFS=$IFS
IFS=/
$posix_glob set -f
set fnord $dstdir
shift
$posix_glob set +f
IFS=$oIFS
prefixes=
for d
do
test X"$d" = X && continue
prefix=$prefix$d
if test -d "$prefix"; then
prefixes=
else
if $posix_mkdir; then
(umask=$mkdir_umask &&
$doit_exec $mkdirprog $mkdir_mode -p -- "$dstdir") && break
# Don't fail if two instances are running concurrently.
test -d "$prefix" || exit 1
else
case $prefix in
*\'*) qprefix=`echo "$prefix" | sed "s/'/'\\\\\\\\''/g"`;;
*) qprefix=$prefix;;
esac
prefixes="$prefixes '$qprefix'"
fi
fi
prefix=$prefix/
done
if test -n "$prefixes"; then
# Don't fail if two instances are running concurrently.
(umask $mkdir_umask &&
eval "\$doit_exec \$mkdirprog $prefixes") ||
test -d "$dstdir" || exit 1
obsolete_mkdir_used=true
fi
fi
fi
if test -n "$dir_arg"; then
{ test -z "$chowncmd" || $doit $chowncmd "$dst"; } &&
{ test -z "$chgrpcmd" || $doit $chgrpcmd "$dst"; } &&
{ test "$obsolete_mkdir_used$chowncmd$chgrpcmd" = false ||
test -z "$chmodcmd" || $doit $chmodcmd $mode "$dst"; } || exit 1
else
# Make a couple of temp file names in the proper directory.
dsttmp=$dstdir/_inst.$$_
rmtmp=$dstdir/_rm.$$_
# Trap to clean up those temp files at exit.
trap 'ret=$?; rm -f "$dsttmp" "$rmtmp" && exit $ret' 0
# Copy the file name to the temp name.
(umask $cp_umask && $doit_exec $cpprog "$src" "$dsttmp") &&
# and set any options; do chmod last to preserve setuid bits.
#
# If any of these fail, we abort the whole thing. If we want to
# ignore errors from any of these, just make sure not to ignore
# errors from the above "$doit $cpprog $src $dsttmp" command.
#
{ test -z "$chowncmd" || $doit $chowncmd "$dsttmp"; } &&
{ test -z "$chgrpcmd" || $doit $chgrpcmd "$dsttmp"; } &&
{ test -z "$stripcmd" || $doit $stripcmd "$dsttmp"; } &&
{ test -z "$chmodcmd" || $doit $chmodcmd $mode "$dsttmp"; } &&
# If -C, don't bother to copy if it wouldn't change the file.
if $copy_on_change &&
old=`LC_ALL=C ls -dlL "$dst" 2>/dev/null` &&
new=`LC_ALL=C ls -dlL "$dsttmp" 2>/dev/null` &&
eval "$initialize_posix_glob" &&
$posix_glob set -f &&
set X $old && old=:$2:$4:$5:$6 &&
set X $new && new=:$2:$4:$5:$6 &&
$posix_glob set +f &&
test "$old" = "$new" &&
$cmpprog "$dst" "$dsttmp" >/dev/null 2>&1
then
rm -f "$dsttmp"
else
# Rename the file to the real destination.
$doit $mvcmd -f "$dsttmp" "$dst" 2>/dev/null ||
# The rename failed, perhaps because mv can't rename something else
# to itself, or perhaps because mv is so ancient that it does not
# support -f.
{
# Now remove or move aside any old file at destination location.
# We try this two ways since rm can't unlink itself on some
# systems and the destination file might be busy for other
# reasons. In this case, the final cleanup might fail but the new
# file should still install successfully.
{
test ! -f "$dst" ||
$doit $rmcmd -f "$dst" 2>/dev/null ||
{ $doit $mvcmd -f "$dst" "$rmtmp" 2>/dev/null &&
{ $doit $rmcmd -f "$rmtmp" 2>/dev/null; :; }
} ||
{ echo "$0: cannot unlink or rename $dst" >&2
(exit 1); exit 1
}
} &&
# Now rename the file to the real destination.
$doit $mvcmd "$dsttmp" "$dst"
}
fi || exit 1
trap '' 0
fi
done
# Local variables:
# eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
# time-stamp-start: "scriptversion="
# time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H"
# time-stamp-time-zone: "UTC"
# time-stamp-end: "; # UTC"
# End:

View File

@@ -1,299 +1,44 @@
AC_INIT([nix],[m4_esyscmd(bash -c "echo -n $(cat ./.version)$VERSION_SUFFIX")])
AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS([m4])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(README.md)
AC_INIT(nix, "0.4")
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(README)
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR(config)
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
AC_PROG_SED
# Put the revision number in the version.
if REVISION=`svnversion $srcdir 2> /dev/null`; then
if test "$REVISION" != "exported"; then
VERSION="$VERSION-r$REVISION"
fi
fi
AC_PREFIX_DEFAULT(/nix)
# Construct a Nix system name (like "i686-linux").
AC_CANONICAL_HOST
AC_MSG_CHECKING([for the canonical Nix system name])
AC_ARG_WITH(system, AS_HELP_STRING([--with-system=SYSTEM],[Platform identifier (e.g., `i686-linux').]),
[system=$withval],
[case "$host_cpu" in
i*86)
machine_name="i686";;
amd64)
machine_name="x86_64";;
armv6|armv7)
machine_name="${host_cpu}l";;
*)
machine_name="$host_cpu";;
esac
case "$host_os" in
linux-gnu*|linux-musl*)
# For backward compatibility, strip the `-gnu' part.
system="$machine_name-linux";;
*)
# Strip the version number from names such as `gnu0.3',
# `darwin10.2.0', etc.
system="$machine_name-`echo $host_os | "$SED" -e's/@<:@0-9.@:>@*$//g'`";;
esac])
sys_name=$(uname -s | tr 'A-Z ' 'a-z_')
case $sys_name in
cygwin*)
sys_name=cygwin
;;
esac
AC_MSG_RESULT($system)
AC_SUBST(system)
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SYSTEM, ["$system"], [platform identifier ('cpu-os')])
# State should be stored in /nix/var, unless the user overrides it explicitly.
test "$localstatedir" = '${prefix}/var' && localstatedir=/nix/var
CFLAGS=
CXXFLAGS=
AC_PROG_CC
AC_PROG_CXX
AC_PROG_CPP
AC_PROG_RANLIB
AC_CHECK_TOOL([AR], [ar])
AC_PATH_PROG(wget, wget)
# Use 64-bit file system calls so that we can support files > 2 GiB.
AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
AC_CHECK_LIB(pthread, pthread_mutex_init)
# Solaris-specific stuff.
AC_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_TYPE
if test "$sys_name" = sunos; then
# Solaris requires -lsocket -lnsl for network functions
LDFLAGS="-lsocket -lnsl $LDFLAGS"
fi
# Check for pubsetbuf.
AC_MSG_CHECKING([for pubsetbuf])
AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
static char buf[1024];]],
[[cerr.rdbuf()->pubsetbuf(buf, sizeof(buf));]])],
[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes) AC_DEFINE(HAVE_PUBSETBUF, 1, [Whether pubsetbuf is available.])],
AC_MSG_RESULT(no))
AC_LANG_POP(C++)
AC_CHECK_FUNCS([statvfs pipe2])
# Check for lutimes, optionally used for changing the mtime of
# symlinks.
AC_CHECK_FUNCS([lutimes])
# Check whether the store optimiser can optimise symlinks.
AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether it is possible to create a link to a symlink])
ln -s bla tmp_link
if ln tmp_link tmp_link2 2> /dev/null; then
AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
AC_DEFINE(CAN_LINK_SYMLINK, 1, [Whether link() works on symlinks.])
else
AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
fi
rm -f tmp_link tmp_link2
# Check for <locale>.
AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([locale])
AC_LANG_POP(C++)
AC_DEFUN([NEED_PROG],
[
AC_PATH_PROG($1, $2)
if test -z "$$1"; then
AC_MSG_ERROR([$2 is required])
fi
])
NEED_PROG(bash, bash)
AC_PATH_PROG(flex, flex, false)
AC_PATH_PROG(bison, bison, false)
AC_PATH_PROG(dot, dot)
AC_PATH_PROG(lsof, lsof, lsof)
NEED_PROG(jq, jq)
AC_SUBST(coreutils, [$(dirname $(type -p cat))])
AC_ARG_WITH(store-dir, AS_HELP_STRING([--with-store-dir=PATH],[path of the Nix store (defaults to /nix/store)]),
storedir=$withval, storedir='/nix/store')
AC_SUBST(storedir)
# Look for boost, a required dependency.
# Note that AX_BOOST_BASE only exports *CPP* BOOST_CPPFLAGS, no CXX flags,
# and CPPFLAGS are not passed to the C++ compiler automatically.
# Thus we append the returned CPPFLAGS to the CXXFLAGS here.
AX_BOOST_BASE([1.66], [CXXFLAGS="$BOOST_CPPFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"], [AC_MSG_ERROR([Nix requires boost.])])
# For unknown reasons, setting this directly in the ACTION-IF-FOUND above
# ends up with LDFLAGS being empty, so we set it afterwards.
LDFLAGS="$BOOST_LDFLAGS $LDFLAGS"
# On some platforms, new-style atomics need a helper library
AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether -latomic is needed)
AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
#include <stdint.h>
uint64_t v;
int main() {
return (int)__atomic_load_n(&v, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
}]])], GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS_NEED_LIBATOMIC=no, GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS_NEED_LIBATOMIC=yes)
AC_MSG_RESULT($GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS_NEED_LIBATOMIC)
if test "x$GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS_NEED_LIBATOMIC" = xyes; then
LDFLAGS="-latomic $LDFLAGS"
fi
PKG_PROG_PKG_CONFIG
AC_ARG_ENABLE(shared, AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-shared],[Build shared libraries for Nix [default=yes]]),
shared=$enableval, shared=yes)
if test "$shared" = yes; then
AC_SUBST(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS, 1, [Whether to build shared libraries.])
else
AC_SUBST(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS, 0, [Whether to build shared libraries.])
PKG_CONFIG="$PKG_CONFIG --static"
fi
# Look for OpenSSL, a required dependency. FIXME: this is only (maybe)
# used by S3BinaryCacheStore.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([OPENSSL], [libcrypto], [CXXFLAGS="$OPENSSL_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Checks for libarchive
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([LIBARCHIVE], [libarchive >= 3.1.2], [CXXFLAGS="$LIBARCHIVE_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Workaround until https://github.com/libarchive/libarchive/issues/1446 is fixed
if test "$shared" != yes; then
LIBARCHIVE_LIBS+=' -lz'
fi
# Look for SQLite, a required dependency.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([SQLITE3], [sqlite3 >= 3.6.19], [CXXFLAGS="$SQLITE3_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Look for libcurl, a required dependency.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([LIBCURL], [libcurl], [CXXFLAGS="$LIBCURL_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Look for editline, a required dependency.
# The the libeditline.pc file was added only in libeditline >= 1.15.2,
# see https://github.com/troglobit/editline/commit/0a8f2ef4203c3a4a4726b9dd1336869cd0da8607,
# but e.g. Ubuntu 16.04 has an older version, so we fall back to searching for
# editline.h when the pkg-config approach fails.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([EDITLINE], [libeditline], [CXXFLAGS="$EDITLINE_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"], [
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([editline.h], [true],
[AC_MSG_ERROR([Nix requires libeditline; it was found neither via pkg-config nor its normal header.])])
AC_SEARCH_LIBS([readline read_history], [editline], [],
[AC_MSG_ERROR([Nix requires libeditline; it was not found via pkg-config, but via its header, but required functions do not work. Maybe it is too old? >= 1.14 is required.])])
])
# Look for libsodium, an optional dependency.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([SODIUM], [libsodium], [CXXFLAGS="$SODIUM_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Look for libbrotli{enc,dec}.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([LIBBROTLI], [libbrotlienc libbrotlidec], [CXXFLAGS="$LIBBROTLI_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Look for libcpuid.
if test "$machine_name" = "x86_64"; then
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([LIBCPUID], [libcpuid], [CXXFLAGS="$LIBCPUID_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
have_libcpuid=1
AC_DEFINE([HAVE_LIBCPUID], [1], [Use libcpuid])
fi
AC_SUBST(HAVE_LIBCPUID, [$have_libcpuid])
# Look for libseccomp, required for Linux sandboxing.
if test "$sys_name" = linux; then
AC_ARG_ENABLE([seccomp-sandboxing],
AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-seccomp-sandboxing],[Don't build support for seccomp sandboxing (only recommended if your arch doesn't support libseccomp yet!)
]))
if test "x$enable_seccomp_sandboxing" != "xno"; then
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([LIBSECCOMP], [libseccomp],
[CXXFLAGS="$LIBSECCOMP_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
have_seccomp=1
AC_DEFINE([HAVE_SECCOMP], [1], [Whether seccomp is available and should be used for sandboxing.])
else
have_seccomp=
fi
else
have_seccomp=
fi
AC_SUBST(HAVE_SECCOMP, [$have_seccomp])
# Look for aws-cpp-sdk-s3.
AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([aws/s3/S3Client.h],
[AC_DEFINE([ENABLE_S3], [1], [Whether to enable S3 support via aws-sdk-cpp.]) enable_s3=1],
[AC_DEFINE([ENABLE_S3], [0], [Whether to enable S3 support via aws-sdk-cpp.]) enable_s3=])
AC_SUBST(ENABLE_S3, [$enable_s3])
AC_LANG_POP(C++)
if test -n "$enable_s3"; then
declare -a aws_version_tokens=($(printf '#include <aws/core/VersionConfig.h>\nAWS_SDK_VERSION_STRING' | $CPP $CPPFLAGS - | grep -v '^#.*' | sed 's/"//g' | tr '.' ' '))
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([AWS_VERSION_MAJOR], ${aws_version_tokens@<:@0@:>@}, [Major version of aws-sdk-cpp.])
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([AWS_VERSION_MINOR], ${aws_version_tokens@<:@1@:>@}, [Minor version of aws-sdk-cpp.])
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([AWS_VERSION_PATCH], ${aws_version_tokens@<:@2@:>@}, [Patch version of aws-sdk-cpp.])
fi
# Whether to use the Boehm garbage collector.
AC_ARG_ENABLE(gc, AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-gc],[enable garbage collection in the Nix expression evaluator (requires Boehm GC) [default=yes]]),
gc=$enableval, gc=yes)
if test "$gc" = yes; then
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([BDW_GC], [bdw-gc])
CXXFLAGS="$BDW_GC_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_BOEHMGC, 1, [Whether to use the Boehm garbage collector.])
fi
# Look for gtest.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([GTEST], [gtest_main])
# documentation generation switch
AC_ARG_ENABLE(doc-gen, AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-doc-gen],[disable documentation generation]),
doc_generate=$enableval, doc_generate=yes)
AC_SUBST(doc_generate)
# Setuid installations.
AC_CHECK_FUNCS([setresuid setreuid lchown])
# Nice to have, but not essential.
AC_CHECK_FUNCS([strsignal posix_fallocate sysconf])
# This is needed if bzip2 is a static library, and the Nix libraries
# are dynamic.
if test "$(uname)" = "Darwin"; then
LDFLAGS="-all_load $LDFLAGS"
fi
AC_ARG_WITH(sandbox-shell, AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sandbox-shell=PATH],[path of a statically-linked shell to use as /bin/sh in sandboxes]),
sandbox_shell=$withval)
AC_SUBST(sandbox_shell)
# Expand all variables in config.status.
test "$prefix" = NONE && prefix=$ac_default_prefix
test "$exec_prefix" = NONE && exec_prefix='${prefix}'
for name in $ac_subst_vars; do
declare $name="$(eval echo "${!name}")"
declare $name="$(eval echo "${!name}")"
declare $name="$(eval echo "${!name}")"
done
rm -f Makefile.config
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([])
AM_CONFIG_HEADER([config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
externals/Makefile
src/Makefile
src/boost/Makefile
src/boost/format/Makefile
src/libnix/Makefile
src/libmain/Makefile
src/nix/Makefile
src/nix-hash/Makefile
src/fix/Makefile
src/fix-ng/Makefile
scripts/Makefile
corepkgs/Makefile
corepkgs/fetchurl/Makefile
corepkgs/nar/Makefile
doc/Makefile
doc/manual/Makefile
])
AC_OUTPUT

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@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/bin/env nix-shell
#!nix-shell -i python3 -p python3 --pure
# To be used with `--trace-function-calls` and `flamegraph.pl`.
#
# For example:
#
# nix-instantiate --trace-function-calls '<nixpkgs>' -A hello 2> nix-function-calls.trace
# ./contrib/stack-collapse.py nix-function-calls.trace > nix-function-calls.folded
# nix-shell -p flamegraph --run "flamegraph.pl nix-function-calls.folded > nix-function-calls.svg"
import sys
from pprint import pprint
import fileinput
stack = []
timestack = []
for line in fileinput.input():
components = line.strip().split(" ", 2)
if components[0] != "function-trace":
continue
direction = components[1]
components = components[2].rsplit(" ", 2)
loc = components[0]
_at = components[1]
time = int(components[2])
if direction == "entered":
stack.append(loc)
timestack.append(time)
elif direction == "exited":
dur = time - timestack.pop()
vst = ";".join(stack)
print(f"{vst} {dur}")
stack.pop()

1
corepkgs/Makefile.am Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
SUBDIRS = fetchurl nar

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@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
all-local: fetchurl.sh
install-exec-local:
$(INSTALL) -d $(datadir)/fix/fetchurl
$(INSTALL_DATA) fetchurl.fix $(datadir)/fix/fetchurl
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) fetchurl.sh $(datadir)/fix/fetchurl
include ../../substitute.mk
EXTRA_DIST = fetchurl.fix fetchurl.sh.in

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@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
Function(["url", "md5"],
Package(
[ ("build", Relative("fetchurl/fetchurl.sh"))
, ("url", Var("url"))
, ("md5", Var("md5"))
, ("name", BaseName(Var("url")))
, ("id", Var("md5"))
]
)
)

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@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
#! /bin/sh
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
echo "downloading $url into $out..."
prefetch=@prefix@/store/nix-prefetch-url-$md5
if test -f "$prefetch"; then
echo "using prefetched $prefetch";
mv $prefetch $out || exit 1
else
@wget@ --passive-ftp "$url" -O "$out" || exit 1
fi
actual=$(@bindir@/nix-hash --flat $out)
if test "$actual" != "$md5"; then
echo "hash is $actual, expected $md5"
exit 1
fi

12
corepkgs/nar/Makefile.am Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
all-local: nar.sh unnar.sh
install-exec-local:
$(INSTALL) -d $(datadir)/fix/nar
$(INSTALL_DATA) nar.fix $(datadir)/fix/nar
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) nar.sh $(datadir)/fix/nar
$(INSTALL_DATA) unnar.fix $(datadir)/fix/nar
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) unnar.sh $(datadir)/fix/nar
include ../../substitute.mk
EXTRA_DIST = nar.fix nar.sh.in unnar.fix unnar.sh.in

8
corepkgs/nar/nar.fix Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
Function(["path"],
Package(
[ ("name", "nar")
, ("build", Relative("nar/nar.sh"))
, ("path", Var("path"))
]
)
)

12
corepkgs/nar/nar.sh.in Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
#! /bin/sh
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
echo "packing $path into $out..."
mkdir $out || exit 1
dst=$out/`basename $path`.nar.bz2
@bindir@/nix --dump "$path" | bzip2 > $dst || exit 1
md5=$(md5sum -b $dst | cut -c1-32)
if test $? != 0; then exit 1; fi
echo $md5 > $out/md5 || exit 1

9
corepkgs/nar/unnar.fix Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
Function(["nar", "outPath"],
Package(
[ ("name", "unnar")
, ("outPath", Var("outPath"))
, ("build", Relative("nar/unnar.sh"))
, ("nar", Var("nar"))
]
)
)

6
corepkgs/nar/unnar.sh.in Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
#! /bin/sh
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
echo "unpacking $nar to $out..."
bunzip2 < $nar | @bindir@/nix --restore "$out" || exit 1

View File

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
(import (fetchTarball https://github.com/edolstra/flake-compat/archive/master.tar.gz) {
src = ./.;
}).defaultNix

1
doc/Makefile.am Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
SUBDIRS = manual

30
doc/manual/Makefile.am Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
DOCBOOK_DTD = /nix/current/xml/dtd/docbook
DOCBOOK_XSL = /nix/current/xml/xsl/docbook
ENV = SGML_CATALOG_FILES=$(DOCBOOK_DTD)/docbook.cat
XMLLINT = $(ENV) xmllint --catalogs
XSLTPROC = $(ENV) xsltproc --catalogs
SOURCES = book.xml introduction.xml installation.xml nix-reference.xml \
troubleshooting.xml bugs.xml
book.is-valid: $(SOURCES)
$(XMLLINT) --noout --valid book.xml
touch $@
man1_MANS = nix.1 fix.1
man nix.1 fix.1: $(SOURCES) book.is-valid
$(XSLTPROC) $(DOCBOOK_XSL)/manpages/docbook.xsl book.xml
book.html: $(SOURCES) book.is-valid
$(XSLTPROC) --output book.html $(DOCBOOK_XSL)/html/docbook.xsl book.xml
all-local: book.html
install-data-local: book.html
$(INSTALL) -d $(datadir)/nix/manual
$(INSTALL_DATA) book.html $(datadir)/nix/manual
EXTRA_DIST = $(SOURCES) book.html nix.1 fix.1 book.is-valid

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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
[output.html]
additional-css = ["custom.css"]

64
doc/manual/book.xml Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE book
PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
[
<!ENTITY introduction SYSTEM "introduction.xml">
<!ENTITY installation SYSTEM "installation.xml">
<!ENTITY nix-reference SYSTEM "nix-reference.xml">
<!ENTITY fix-reference SYSTEM "fix-reference.xml">
<!ENTITY troubleshooting SYSTEM "troubleshooting.xml">
<!ENTITY bugs SYSTEM "bugs.xml">
]>
<book>
<title>Nix: The Manual</title>
<bookinfo>
<author>
<firstname>Eelco</firstname>
<surname>Dolstra</surname>
</author>
<copyright>
<year>2003</year>
<holder>Eelco Dolstra</holder>
</copyright>
</bookinfo>
&introduction;
&installation;
<chapter>
<title>A Guided Tour</title>
<para>
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter>
<title>Nix Syntax and Semantics</title>
<para>
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter>
<title>Fix Language Reference</title>
<para>
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter>
<title>Writing Builders</title>
<para>
</para>
</chapter>
<appendix>
<title>Command Reference</title>
&nix-reference;
&fix-reference;
</appendix>
&troubleshooting;
&bugs;
</book>

43
doc/manual/bugs.xml Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
<appendix>
<title>Bugs</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Nix should automatically recover the Berkeley DB database.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Nix should automatically remove Berkeley DB logfiles.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Unify the concepts of successors and substitutes into a general notion
of <emphasis>equivalent expressions</emphasis>. Expressions are
equivalent if they have the same target paths with the same
identifiers. However, even though they are functionally equivalent,
they may differ stronly with respect to their <emphasis>performance
characteristics</emphasis>. For example, realising a slice is more
efficient that realising the derivation from which that slice was
produced. On the other hand, distributing sources may be more
efficient (storage- or bandwidth-wise) than distributing binaries. So
we need to be able to attach weigths or priorities or performance
annotations to expressions; Nix can then choose the most efficient
expression dependent on the context.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</appendix>
<!--
local variables:
sgml-parent-document: ("book.xml" "appendix")
end:
-->

View File

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
h1:not(:first-of-type) {
margin-top: 1.3em;
}
h2 {
margin-top: 1em;
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
<refentry>
<refnamediv>
<refname>fix</refname>
<refpurpose>generate Nix expressions from a high-level description</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>fix</command>
<group choice='opt' rep='repeat'>
<arg><option>--verbose</option></arg>
<arg><option>-v</option></arg>
</group>
<arg rep='repeat'><replaceable>files</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para>
The command <command>fix</command> generates Nix expressions from
expressions is Fix's own high-level language. While Nix expressions are
very primitive and not intended to be written directly, Fix expressions
are quite easy to write.
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
<!--
local variables:
sgml-parent-document: ("book.xml" "refentry")
end:
-->

View File

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
with builtins;
with import ./utils.nix;
builtins:
concatStrings (map
(name:
let builtin = builtins.${name}; in
" - `builtins.${name}` " + concatStringsSep " " (map (s: "*${s}*") builtin.args)
+ " \n\n"
+ concatStrings (map (s: " ${s}\n") (splitLines builtin.doc)) + "\n\n"
)
(attrNames builtins))

View File

@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
command:
with builtins;
with import ./utils.nix;
let
showCommand =
{ command, def, filename }:
''
**Warning**: This program is **experimental** and its interface is subject to change.
''
+ "# Name\n\n"
+ "`${command}` - ${def.description}\n\n"
+ "# Synopsis\n\n"
+ showSynopsis { inherit command; args = def.args; }
+ (if def.commands or {} != {}
then
let
categories = sort (x: y: x.id < y.id) (unique (map (cmd: cmd.category) (attrValues def.commands)));
listCommands = cmds:
concatStrings (map (name:
"* [`${command} ${name}`](./${appendName filename name}.md) - ${cmds.${name}.description}\n")
(attrNames cmds));
in
"where *subcommand* is one of the following:\n\n"
# FIXME: group by category
+ (if length categories > 1
then
concatStrings (map
(cat:
"**${toString cat.description}:**\n\n"
+ listCommands (filterAttrs (n: v: v.category == cat) def.commands)
+ "\n"
) categories)
+ "\n"
else
listCommands def.commands
+ "\n")
else "")
+ (if def ? doc
then def.doc + "\n\n"
else "")
+ (let s = showOptions def.flags; in
if s != ""
then "# Options\n\n${s}"
else "")
;
appendName = filename: name: (if filename == "nix" then "nix3" else filename) + "-" + name;
showOptions = flags:
let
categories = sort builtins.lessThan (unique (map (cmd: cmd.category) (attrValues flags)));
in
concatStrings (map
(cat:
(if cat != ""
then "**${cat}:**\n\n"
else "")
+ concatStrings
(map (longName:
let
flag = flags.${longName};
in
" - `--${longName}`"
+ (if flag ? shortName then " / `-${flag.shortName}`" else "")
+ (if flag ? labels then " " + (concatStringsSep " " (map (s: "*${s}*") flag.labels)) else "")
+ " \n"
+ " " + flag.description + "\n\n"
) (attrNames (filterAttrs (n: v: v.category == cat) flags))))
categories);
showSynopsis =
{ command, args }:
"`${command}` [*option*...] ${concatStringsSep " "
(map (arg: "*${arg.label}*" + (if arg ? arity then "" else "...")) args)}\n\n";
processCommand = { command, def, filename }:
[ { name = filename + ".md"; value = showCommand { inherit command def filename; }; inherit command; } ]
++ concatMap
(name: processCommand {
filename = appendName filename name;
command = command + " " + name;
def = def.commands.${name};
})
(attrNames def.commands or {});
in
let
manpages = processCommand { filename = "nix"; command = "nix"; def = command; };
summary = concatStrings (map (manpage: " - [${manpage.command}](command-ref/new-cli/${manpage.name})\n") manpages);
in
(listToAttrs manpages) // { "SUMMARY.md" = summary; }

View File

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
with builtins;
with import ./utils.nix;
options:
concatStrings (map
(name:
let option = options.${name}; in
" - `${name}` \n\n"
+ concatStrings (map (s: " ${s}\n") (splitLines option.description)) + "\n\n"
+ " **Default:** " + (
if option.value == "" || option.value == []
then "*empty*"
else if isBool option.value
then (if option.value then "`true`" else "`false`")
else
# n.b. a StringMap value type is specified as a string, but
# this shows the value type. The empty stringmap is "null" in
# JSON, but that converts to "{ }" here.
(if isAttrs option.value then "`\"\"`"
else "`" + toString option.value + "`")) + "\n\n"
+ (if option.aliases != []
then " **Deprecated alias:** " + (concatStringsSep ", " (map (s: "`${s}`") option.aliases)) + "\n\n"
else "")
)
(attrNames options))

File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
<chapter>
<title>Installation</title>
<sect1>
<title>Prerequisites</title>
<para>
Nix uses Sleepycat's Berkeley DB and CWI's ATerm library. However, these
are fetched automatically as part of the build process.
</para>
<para>
Other than that, you need a good C++ compiler. GCC 2.95 does not appear
to work; please use GCC 3.x.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Obtaining Nix</title>
<para>
Nix can be obtained from its <ulink
url='http://losser.st-lab.cs.uu.nl:12080/repos/trace/nix/trunk'>Subversion
repository</ulink>. For example, the following command will check out
the latest revision into a directory called <filename>nix</filename>:
</para>
<screen>
$ svn checkout http://losser.st-lab.cs.uu.nl:12080/repos/trace/nix/trunk nix</screen>
<para>
Likewise, specific releases can be obtained from the <ulink
url='http://losser.st-lab.cs.uu.nl:12080/repos/trace/nix/tags'>tags
directory</ulink> of the repository. If you don't have Subversion, you
can download a <ulink
url='http://losser.st-lab.cs.uu.nl:12080/dist/trace/'>compressed
tar-file</ulink> of the latest revision of the repository.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Building Nix</title>
<para>
To build Nix, do the following:
</para>
<screen>
$ autoreconf -i
$ ./configure <replaceable>options...</replaceable>
$ make
$ make install</screen>
<para>
Currently, the only useful switch for <command>configure</command> is
<option>--prefix=<replaceable>prefix</replaceable></option> to specify
where Nix is to be installed. The default installation directory is
<filename>/nix</filename>. You can change this to any location you like.
You should ensure that you have write permission to the installation
prefix.
</para>
<warning>
<para>
It is advisable <emphasis>not</emphasis> to change the installation
prefix, since doing so will in all likelihood make it impossible to use
derivates built on other systems.
</para>
</warning>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<!--
local variables:
sgml-parent-document: ("book.xml" "chapter")
end:
-->

291
doc/manual/introduction.xml Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
<chapter>
<title>Introduction</title>
<sect1>
<title>The problem space</title>
<para>
Nix is a system for controlling the automatic creation and distribution
of data, such as computer programs and other software artifacts. This is
a very general problem, and there are many applications that fall under
this description.
</para>
<sect2>
<title>Build management</title>
<para>
Build management tools are used to perform <emphasis>software
builds</emphasis>, that is, the construction of derived products
(<emphasis>derivates)</emphasis>) such as executable programs from
source code. A commonly used build tool is Make, which is a standard
tool on Unix systems. These tools have to deal with several issues:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Efficiency</emphasis>. Since building large systems
can take a substantial amount of time, it is desirable that build
steps that have been performed in the past are not repeated
unnecessarily, i.e., if a new build differs from a previous build
only with respect to certain sources, then only the build steps
that (directly or indirectly) <emphasis>depend</emphasis> on
those sources should be redone.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Correctness</emphasis> is this context means that the
derivates produced by a build are always consistent with the
sources, that is, they are equal to what we would get if we were
to build the derivates from those sources. This requirement is
trivially met when we do a full, unconditional build, but is far
from trivial under the requirement of efficiency, since it is not
easy to determine which derivates are affected by a change to a
source.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Variability</emphasis> is the property that a software
system can be built in a (potentially large) number of variants.
Variation exists both in <emphasis>time</emphasis>---the
evolution of different versions of an artifact---and in
<emphasis>space</emphasis>---the artifact might have
configuration options that lead to variants that differ in the
features they support (for example, a system might be built with
or without debugging information).
</para>
<para>
Build managers historically have had good support for variation
in time (rebuilding the system in an intelligent way when sources
change is one of the primary reasons to use a build manager), but
not always for variation in space. For example,
<command>make</command> will not automatically ensure that
variant builds are properly isolated from each other (they will
in fact overwrite each other unless special precautions are
taken).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>High-level system modelling language</emphasis>. The
language in which one describes what and how derivates are to be
produced should have sufficient abstraction facilities to make it
easy to specify the derivation of even very large systems. Also,
the language should be <emphasis>modular</emphasis> to enable
components from possible different sources to be easily combined.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Package management</title>
<para>
After software has been built, is must also be
<emphasis>deployed</emphasis> in the intended target environment, e.g.,
the user's workstation. Examples include the Red Hat package manager
(RPM), Microsoft's MSI, and so on. Here also we have several issues to
contend with:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
The <emphasis>creation</emphasis> of packages from some formal
description of what artifacts should be distributed in the
package.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
The <emphasis>deployment</emphasis> of packages, that is, the
mechanism by which we get them onto the intended target
environment. This can be as simple as copying a file, but
complexity comes from the wide range of possible installation
media (such as a network install), and the scalability of the
process (if a program must be installed on a thousand systems, we
do not want to visit each system and perform some manual steps to
install the program on that system; that is, the complexity for
the system administrator should be constant, not linear).
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<!--######################################################################-->
<sect1>
<title>What Nix provides</title>
<para>
Here is a summary of Nix's main features:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Reliable dependencies.</emphasis> Builds of file system
objects depend on other file system object, such as source files,
tools, and so on. We would like to ensure that a build does not
refer to any objects that have not been declared as inputs for that
build. This is important for several reasons. First, if any of the
inputs change, we need to rebuild the things that depend on them to
maintain consistency between sources and derivates. Second, when we
<emphasis>deploy</emphasis> file system objects (that is, copy them
to a different system), we want to be certain that we copy everything
that we need.
</para>
<para>
Nix ensures this by building and storing file system objects in paths
that are infeasible to predict in advance. For example, the
artifacts of a package <literal>X</literal> might be stored in
<filename>/nix/store/d58a0606ed616820de291d594602665d-X</filename>,
rather than in, say, <filename>/usr/lib</filename>. The path
component <filename>d58a...</filename> is actually a cryptographic
hash of all the inputs (i.e., sources, requisites, and build flags)
used in building <literal>X</literal>, and as such is very fragile:
any change to the inputs will change the hash. Therefore it is not
sensible to <emphasis>hard-code</emphasis> such a path into the build
scripts of a package <literal>Y</literal> that uses
<literal>X</literal> (as does happen with <quote>fixed</quote> paths
such as <filename>/usr/lib</filename>). Rather, the build script of
package <literal>Y</literal> is parameterised with the actual
location of <literal>X</literal>, which is supplied by the Nix
system.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Support for variability.</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
As stated above, the path name of a file system object contain a
cryptographic hash of all inputs involved in building it. A change to
any of the inputs will cause the hash to change--and by extension,
the path name. These inputs include both sources (variation in time)
and configuration options (variation in space). Therefore variants
of the same package don't clash---they can co-exist peacefully within
the same file system. So thanks to Nix's mechanism for reliably
dealing with dependencies, we obtain management of variants for free
(or, to quote Simon Peyton-Jone, it's not free, but it has already
been paid for).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Transparent source/binary deployment.</emphasis>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Easy configuration duplication.</emphasis>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Automatic storage management.</emphasis>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Atomic upgrades and rollbacks.</emphasis>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Support for many simultaneous configurations.</emphasis>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Portability.</emphasis> Nix is quite portable. Contrary
to build systems like those in, e.g., Vesta and ClearCase [sic?], it
does not rely on operating system extensions.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
Here is what Nix doesn't yet provide, but will:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Build management.</emphasis> In principle it is already
possible to do build management using Fix (by writing builders that
perform appropriate build steps), but the Fix language is not yet
powerful enough to make this pleasant. The <ulink
url='http://www.cs.uu.nl/~eelco/maak/'>Maak build manager</ulink>
should be retargeted to produce Nix expressions, or alternatively,
extend Fix with Maak's semantics and concrete syntax (since Fix needs
a concrete syntax anyway). Another interesting idea is to write a
<command>make</command> implementation that uses Nix as a back-end to
support <ulink
url='http://www.research.att.com/~bs/bs_faq.html#legacy'>legacy</ulink>
build files.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<!--######################################################################-->
<sect1>
<title>The Nix system</title>
<para>
...
</para>
<para>
Existing tools in this field generally both a underlying model (such as
the derivation graph of build tools, or the versioning scheme that
determines when two packages are <quote>compatible</quote> in a package
management system) and a formalism that allows ...
</para>
<para>
Following the principle of separation of mechanism and policy, the Nix
system separates the <emphasis>low-level aspect</emphasis> of file system
object management form the <emphasis>high-level aspect</emphasis> of the
...
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<!--
local variables:
sgml-parent-document: ("book.xml" "chapter")
end:
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@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
ifeq ($(doc_generate),yes)
MANUAL_SRCS := $(call rwildcard, $(d)/src, *.md)
# Generate man pages.
man-pages := $(foreach n, \
nix-env.1 nix-build.1 nix-shell.1 nix-store.1 nix-instantiate.1 \
nix-collect-garbage.1 \
nix-prefetch-url.1 nix-channel.1 \
nix-hash.1 nix-copy-closure.1 \
nix.conf.5 nix-daemon.8, \
$(d)/$(n))
clean-files += $(d)/*.1 $(d)/*.5 $(d)/*.8
# Provide a dummy environment for nix, so that it will not access files outside the macOS sandbox.
dummy-env = env -i \
HOME=/dummy \
NIX_CONF_DIR=/dummy \
NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE=/dummy/no-ca-bundle.crt \
NIX_STATE_DIR=/dummy
nix-eval = $(dummy-env) $(bindir)/nix eval --experimental-features nix-command -I nix/corepkgs=corepkgs --store dummy:// --impure --raw
$(d)/%.1: $(d)/src/command-ref/%.md
@printf "Title: %s\n\n" "$$(basename $@ .1)" > $^.tmp
@cat $^ >> $^.tmp
$(trace-gen) lowdown -sT man -M section=1 $^.tmp -o $@
@rm $^.tmp
$(d)/%.8: $(d)/src/command-ref/%.md
@printf "Title: %s\n\n" "$$(basename $@ .8)" > $^.tmp
@cat $^ >> $^.tmp
$(trace-gen) lowdown -sT man -M section=8 $^.tmp -o $@
@rm $^.tmp
$(d)/nix.conf.5: $(d)/src/command-ref/conf-file.md
@printf "Title: %s\n\n" "$$(basename $@ .5)" > $^.tmp
@cat $^ >> $^.tmp
$(trace-gen) lowdown -sT man -M section=5 $^.tmp -o $@
@rm $^.tmp
$(d)/src/SUMMARY.md: $(d)/src/SUMMARY.md.in $(d)/src/command-ref/new-cli
$(trace-gen) cat doc/manual/src/SUMMARY.md.in | while IFS= read line; do if [[ $$line = @manpages@ ]]; then cat doc/manual/src/command-ref/new-cli/SUMMARY.md; else echo "$$line"; fi; done > $@.tmp
@mv $@.tmp $@
$(d)/src/command-ref/new-cli: $(d)/nix.json $(d)/generate-manpage.nix $(bindir)/nix
@rm -rf $@
$(trace-gen) $(nix-eval) --write-to $@ --expr 'import doc/manual/generate-manpage.nix (builtins.fromJSON (builtins.readFile $<))'
$(d)/src/command-ref/conf-file.md: $(d)/conf-file.json $(d)/generate-options.nix $(d)/src/command-ref/conf-file-prefix.md $(bindir)/nix
@cat doc/manual/src/command-ref/conf-file-prefix.md > $@.tmp
$(trace-gen) $(nix-eval) --expr 'import doc/manual/generate-options.nix (builtins.fromJSON (builtins.readFile $<))' >> $@.tmp
@mv $@.tmp $@
$(d)/nix.json: $(bindir)/nix
$(trace-gen) $(dummy-env) $(bindir)/nix __dump-args > $@.tmp
@mv $@.tmp $@
$(d)/conf-file.json: $(bindir)/nix
$(trace-gen) $(dummy-env) $(bindir)/nix show-config --json --experimental-features nix-command > $@.tmp
@mv $@.tmp $@
$(d)/src/expressions/builtins.md: $(d)/builtins.json $(d)/generate-builtins.nix $(d)/src/expressions/builtins-prefix.md $(bindir)/nix
@cat doc/manual/src/expressions/builtins-prefix.md > $@.tmp
$(trace-gen) $(nix-eval) --expr 'import doc/manual/generate-builtins.nix (builtins.fromJSON (builtins.readFile $<))' >> $@.tmp
@mv $@.tmp $@
$(d)/builtins.json: $(bindir)/nix
$(trace-gen) $(dummy-env) NIX_PATH=nix/corepkgs=corepkgs $(bindir)/nix __dump-builtins > $@.tmp
@mv $@.tmp $@
# Generate the HTML manual.
install: $(docdir)/manual/index.html
# Generate 'nix' manpages.
install: $(d)/src/command-ref/new-cli
$(trace-gen) for i in doc/manual/src/command-ref/new-cli/*.md; do \
name=$$(basename $$i .md); \
if [[ $$name = SUMMARY ]]; then continue; fi; \
printf "Title: %s\n\n" "$$name" > $$i.tmp; \
cat $$i >> $$i.tmp; \
lowdown -sT man -M section=1 $$i.tmp -o $(mandir)/man1/$$name.1; \
done
$(docdir)/manual/index.html: $(MANUAL_SRCS) $(d)/book.toml $(d)/custom.css $(d)/src/SUMMARY.md $(d)/src/command-ref/new-cli $(d)/src/command-ref/conf-file.md $(d)/src/expressions/builtins.md
$(trace-gen) RUST_LOG=warn mdbook build doc/manual -d $(docdir)/manual
@cp doc/manual/highlight.pack.js $(docdir)/manual/highlight.js
endif

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@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
<refentry>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix</refname>
<refpurpose>manipulate or query the Nix store</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix</command>
<group choice='opt'>
<arg><option>--path</option></arg>
<arg><option>-p</option></arg>
</group>
<group choice='opt' rep='repeat'>
<arg><option>--verbose</option></arg>
<arg><option>-v</option></arg>
</group>
<group choice='opt' rep='repeat'>
<arg><option>--keep-failed</option></arg>
<arg><option>-K</option></arg>
</group>
<arg choice='plain'><replaceable>operation</replaceable></arg>
<arg rep='repeat'><replaceable>options</replaceable></arg>
<arg rep='repeat'><replaceable>arguments</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para>
The command <command>nix</command> provides access to the Nix store. This
is the (set of) path(s) where Nix expressions and the file system objects
built by them are stored.
</para>
<para>
<command>nix</command> has many subcommands called
<emphasis>operations</emphasis>. These are individually documented
below. Exactly one operation must always be provided.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Common Options</title>
<para>
In this section the options that are common to all Nix operations are
listed. These options are allowed for every subcommand (although they
may not always have an effect).
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--path</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Indicates that any identifier arguments to the operation are paths
in the store rather than identifiers.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--verbose</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on
standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on
standard output is well-defined and specified below in the
respective sections. Any diagnostic information is printed on
standard error, never on standard output.
</para>
<para>
This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following
verbosity levels exist:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>0</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Print error messages only.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>1</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Print informational messages.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>2</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Print even more informational messages.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>3</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Print messages that should only be useful for debugging.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>4</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<quote>Vomit mode</quote>: print vast amounts of debug
information.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--keep-failed</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory
(usually in <filename>/tmp</filename>) in which the build takes
place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is
printed as an informational message.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<!--######################################################################-->
<refsect1>
<title>Operation <option>--install</option></title>
<refsect2>
<title>Synopsis</title>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix</command>
<group>
<arg><option>--install</option></arg>
<arg><option>-i</option></arg>
</group>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>ids</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Description</title>
<para>
The operation <option>--install</option> realises the Nix expressions
identified by <replaceable>ids</replaceable> in the file system. If
these expressions are derivation expressions, they are first
normalised. That is, their target paths are are built, unless a normal
form is already known.
</para>
<para>
The identifiers of the normal forms of the given Nix expressions are
printed on standard output.
</para>
</refsect2>
</refsect1>
<!--######################################################################-->
<refsect1>
<title>Operation <option>--delete</option></title>
<refsect2>
<title>Synopsis</title>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix</command>
<group>
<arg><option>--delete</option></arg>
<arg><option>-d</option></arg>
</group>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>paths</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Description</title>
<para>
The operation <option>--delete</option> unconditionally deletes the
paths <replaceable>paths</replaceable> from the Nix store. It is an
error to attempt to delete paths outside of the store.
</para>
<warning>
<para>
This operation should almost never be called directly, since no
attempt is made to verify that no references exist to the paths to
be deleted. Therefore, careless deletion can result in an
inconsistent system. Deletion of paths in the store is done by the
garbage collector (which uses <option>--delete</option> to delete
unreferenced paths).
</para>
</warning>
</refsect2>
</refsect1>
<!--######################################################################-->
<refsect1>
<title>Operation <option>--query</option></title>
<refsect2>
<title>Synopsis</title>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix</command>
<group>
<arg><option>--query</option></arg>
<arg><option>-q</option></arg>
</group>
<group>
<group>
<arg><option>--list</option></arg>
<arg><option>-l</option></arg>
</group>
<group>
<arg><option>--requisites</option></arg>
<arg><option>-r</option></arg>
</group>
<group>
<arg><option>--expansion</option></arg>
<arg><option>-e</option></arg>
</group>
<group>
<arg><option>--graph</option></arg>
<arg><option>-g</option></arg>
</group>
</group>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>args</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Description</title>
<para>
The operation <option>--query</option> displays various bits of
information about Nix expressions or paths in the store. The queries
are described in <xref linkend='nixref-queries' />. At most one query
can be specified; the default query is <option>--list</option>.
</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2 id='nixref-queries'>
<title>Queries</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--list</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Prints out the target paths of the Nix expressions indicated by
the identifiers <replaceable>args</replaceable>. In the case of
a derivation expression, these are the paths that will be
produced by the builder of the expression. In the case of a
slice expression, these are the root paths (which are generally
the paths that were produced by the builder of the derivation
expression of which the slice is a normal form).
</para>
<para>
This query has one option:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--normalise</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Causes the target paths of the <emphasis>normal
forms</emphasis> of the expressions to be printed, rather
than the target paths of the expressions themselves.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--requisites</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Prints out the requisite paths of the Nix expressions indicated
by the identifiers <replaceable>args</replaceable>. The
requisite paths of a Nix expression are the paths that need to be
present in the system to be able to realise the expression. That
is, they form the <emphasis>closure</emphasis> of the expression
in the file system (i.e., no path in the set of requisite paths
points to anything outside the set of requisite paths).
</para>
<para>
The notion of requisite paths is very useful when one wants to
distribute Nix expressions. Since they form a closure, they are
the only paths one needs to distribute to another system to be
able to realise the expression on the other system.
</para>
<para>
This query is generally used to implement various kinds of
distribution. A <emphasis>source distribution</emphasis> is
obtained by distributing the requisite paths of a derivation
expression. A <emphasis>binary distribution</emphasis> is
obtained by distributing the requisite paths of a slice
expression (i.e., the normal form of a derivation expression; you
can directly specify the identifier of the slice expression, or
use <option>--normalise</option> and specify the identifier of a
derivation expression). A <emphasis>cache
distribution</emphasis> is obtained by distributing the
requisite paths of a derivation expression and specifying the
option <option>--include-successors</option>. This will include
not just the paths of a source and binary distribution, but also
all expressions and paths of subterms of the source. This is
useful if one wants to realise on the target system a Nix
expression that is similar but not quite the same as the one
being distributed, since any common subterms will be reused.
</para>
<para>
This query has a number of options:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--normalise</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Causes the requisite paths of the <emphasis>normal
forms</emphasis> of the expressions to be printed, rather
than the requisite paths of the expressions themselves.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--exclude-exprs</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Excludes the paths of Nix expressions. This causes the
closure property to be lost, that is, the resulting set of
paths is not enough to ensure realisibility.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--include-successors</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Also include the requisites of successors (normal forms).
Only the requisites of <emphasis>known</emphasis>
successors are included, i.e., the normal forms of
derivation expressions that have never been normalised will
not be included.
</para>
<para>
Note that not just the successor of a derivation expression
will be included, but also the successors of all input
expressions of that derivation expression. I.e., all
normal forms of subterms involved in the normalisation of
the top-level term are included.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--expansion</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
For each identifier in <replaceable>args</replaceable>, prints
all expansions of that identifier, that is, all paths whose
current content matches the identifier.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--graph</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Prints a graph of the closure of the expressions identified by
<replaceable>args</replaceable> in the format of the
<command>dot</command> tool of AT&amp;T's GraphViz package.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
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@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
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<xsl:output method="xml"/>
<xsl:template match="function|command|literal|varname|filename|option|quote">`<xsl:apply-templates/>'</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="token"><xsl:text> </xsl:text><xsl:apply-templates /><xsl:text>
</xsl:text></xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="screen|programlisting">
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<xsl:template match="section[following::section]">
<section>
<xsl:apply-templates />
<screen><xsl:text>
</xsl:text></screen>
</section>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="*">
<xsl:element name="{name(.)}" namespace="{namespace-uri(.)}">
<xsl:copy-of select="namespace::*" />
<xsl:for-each select="@*">
<xsl:attribute name="{name(.)}" namespace="{namespace-uri(.)}">
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# Table of Contents
- [Introduction](introduction.md)
- [Quick Start](quick-start.md)
- [Installation](installation/installation.md)
- [Supported Platforms](installation/supported-platforms.md)
- [Installing a Binary Distribution](installation/installing-binary.md)
- [Installing Nix from Source](installation/installing-source.md)
- [Prerequisites](installation/prerequisites-source.md)
- [Obtaining a Source Distribution](installation/obtaining-source.md)
- [Building Nix from Source](installation/building-source.md)
- [Security](installation/nix-security.md)
- [Single-User Mode](installation/single-user.md)
- [Multi-User Mode](installation/multi-user.md)
- [Environment Variables](installation/env-variables.md)
- [Upgrading Nix](installation/upgrading.md)
- [Package Management](package-management/package-management.md)
- [Basic Package Management](package-management/basic-package-mgmt.md)
- [Profiles](package-management/profiles.md)
- [Garbage Collection](package-management/garbage-collection.md)
- [Garbage Collector Roots](package-management/garbage-collector-roots.md)
- [Channels](package-management/channels.md)
- [Sharing Packages Between Machines](package-management/sharing-packages.md)
- [Serving a Nix store via HTTP](package-management/binary-cache-substituter.md)
- [Copying Closures via SSH](package-management/copy-closure.md)
- [Serving a Nix store via SSH](package-management/ssh-substituter.md)
- [Serving a Nix store via S3](package-management/s3-substituter.md)
- [Writing Nix Expressions](expressions/writing-nix-expressions.md)
- [A Simple Nix Expression](expressions/simple-expression.md)
- [Expression Syntax](expressions/expression-syntax.md)
- [Build Script](expressions/build-script.md)
- [Arguments and Variables](expressions/arguments-variables.md)
- [Building and Testing](expressions/simple-building-testing.md)
- [Generic Builder Syntax](expressions/generic-builder.md)
- [Writing Nix Expressions](expressions/expression-language.md)
- [Values](expressions/language-values.md)
- [Language Constructs](expressions/language-constructs.md)
- [Operators](expressions/language-operators.md)
- [Derivations](expressions/derivations.md)
- [Advanced Attributes](expressions/advanced-attributes.md)
- [Built-in Constants](expressions/builtin-constants.md)
- [Built-in Functions](expressions/builtins.md)
- [Advanced Topics](advanced-topics/advanced-topics.md)
- [Remote Builds](advanced-topics/distributed-builds.md)
- [Tuning Cores and Jobs](advanced-topics/cores-vs-jobs.md)
- [Verifying Build Reproducibility](advanced-topics/diff-hook.md)
- [Using the `post-build-hook`](advanced-topics/post-build-hook.md)
- [Command Reference](command-ref/command-ref.md)
- [Common Options](command-ref/opt-common.md)
- [Common Environment Variables](command-ref/env-common.md)
- [Main Commands](command-ref/main-commands.md)
- [nix-env](command-ref/nix-env.md)
- [nix-build](command-ref/nix-build.md)
- [nix-shell](command-ref/nix-shell.md)
- [nix-store](command-ref/nix-store.md)
- [Utilities](command-ref/utilities.md)
- [nix-channel](command-ref/nix-channel.md)
- [nix-collect-garbage](command-ref/nix-collect-garbage.md)
- [nix-copy-closure](command-ref/nix-copy-closure.md)
- [nix-daemon](command-ref/nix-daemon.md)
- [nix-hash](command-ref/nix-hash.md)
- [nix-instantiate](command-ref/nix-instantiate.md)
- [nix-prefetch-url](command-ref/nix-prefetch-url.md)
- [Experimental Commands](command-ref/experimental-commands.md)
@manpages@
- [Files](command-ref/files.md)
- [nix.conf](command-ref/conf-file.md)
- [Glossary](glossary.md)
- [Contributing](contributing/contributing.md)
- [Hacking](contributing/hacking.md)
- [CLI guideline](contributing/cli-guideline.md)
- [Release Notes](release-notes/release-notes.md)
- [Release 2.3 (2019-09-04)](release-notes/rl-2.3.md)
- [Release 2.2 (2019-01-11)](release-notes/rl-2.2.md)
- [Release 2.1 (2018-09-02)](release-notes/rl-2.1.md)
- [Release 2.0 (2018-02-22)](release-notes/rl-2.0.md)
- [Release 1.11.10 (2017-06-12)](release-notes/rl-1.11.10.md)
- [Release 1.11 (2016-01-19)](release-notes/rl-1.11.md)
- [Release 1.10 (2015-09-03)](release-notes/rl-1.10.md)
- [Release 1.9 (2015-06-12)](release-notes/rl-1.9.md)
- [Release 1.8 (2014-12-14)](release-notes/rl-1.8.md)
- [Release 1.7 (2014-04-11)](release-notes/rl-1.7.md)
- [Release 1.6.1 (2013-10-28)](release-notes/rl-1.6.1.md)
- [Release 1.6 (2013-09-10)](release-notes/rl-1.6.md)
- [Release 1.5.2 (2013-05-13)](release-notes/rl-1.5.2.md)
- [Release 1.5 (2013-02-27)](release-notes/rl-1.5.md)
- [Release 1.4 (2013-02-26)](release-notes/rl-1.4.md)
- [Release 1.3 (2013-01-04)](release-notes/rl-1.3.md)
- [Release 1.2 (2012-12-06)](release-notes/rl-1.2.md)
- [Release 1.1 (2012-07-18)](release-notes/rl-1.1.md)
- [Release 1.0 (2012-05-11)](release-notes/rl-1.0.md)
- [Release 0.16 (2010-08-17)](release-notes/rl-0.16.md)
- [Release 0.15 (2010-03-17)](release-notes/rl-0.15.md)
- [Release 0.14 (2010-02-04)](release-notes/rl-0.14.md)
- [Release 0.13 (2009-11-05)](release-notes/rl-0.13.md)
- [Release 0.12 (2008-11-20)](release-notes/rl-0.12.md)
- [Release 0.11 (2007-12-31)](release-notes/rl-0.11.md)
- [Release 0.10.1 (2006-10-11)](release-notes/rl-0.10.1.md)
- [Release 0.10 (2006-10-06)](release-notes/rl-0.10.md)
- [Release 0.9.2 (2005-09-21)](release-notes/rl-0.9.2.md)
- [Release 0.9.1 (2005-09-20)](release-notes/rl-0.9.1.md)
- [Release 0.9 (2005-09-16)](release-notes/rl-0.9.md)
- [Release 0.8.1 (2005-04-13)](release-notes/rl-0.8.1.md)
- [Release 0.8 (2005-04-11)](release-notes/rl-0.8.md)
- [Release 0.7 (2005-01-12)](release-notes/rl-0.7.md)
- [Release 0.6 (2004-11-14)](release-notes/rl-0.6.md)
- [Release 0.5 and earlier](release-notes/rl-0.5.md)

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@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
# Tuning Cores and Jobs
Nix has two relevant settings with regards to how your CPU cores will
be utilized: `cores` and `max-jobs`. This chapter will talk about what
they are, how they interact, and their configuration trade-offs.
- `max-jobs`\
Dictates how many separate derivations will be built at the same
time. If you set this to zero, the local machine will do no
builds. Nix will still substitute from binary caches, and build
remotely if remote builders are configured.
- `cores`\
Suggests how many cores each derivation should use. Similar to
`make -j`.
The `cores` setting determines the value of
`NIX_BUILD_CORES`. `NIX_BUILD_CORES` is equal to `cores`, unless
`cores` equals `0`, in which case `NIX_BUILD_CORES` will be the total
number of cores in the system.
The maximum number of consumed cores is a simple multiplication,
`max-jobs` \* `NIX_BUILD_CORES`.
The balance on how to set these two independent variables depends upon
each builder's workload and hardware. Here are a few example scenarios
on a machine with 24 cores:
| `max-jobs` | `cores` | `NIX_BUILD_CORES` | Maximum Processes | Result |
| --------------------- | ------------------ | ----------------- | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | One derivation will be built at a time, each one can use 24 cores. Undersold if a job cant use 24 cores. |
| 4 | 6 | 6 | 24 | Four derivations will be built at once, each given access to six cores. |
| 12 | 6 | 6 | 72 | 12 derivations will be built at once, each given access to six cores. This configuration is over-sold. If all 12 derivations being built simultaneously try to use all six cores, the machine's performance will be degraded due to extensive context switching between the 12 builds. |
| 24 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 24 derivations can build at the same time, each using a single core. Never oversold, but derivations which require many cores will be very slow to compile. |
| 24 | 0 | 24 | 576 | 24 derivations can build at the same time, each using all the available cores of the machine. Very likely to be oversold, and very likely to suffer context switches. |
It is up to the derivations' build script to respect host's requested
cores-per-build by following the value of the `NIX_BUILD_CORES`
environment variable.

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@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
# Verifying Build Reproducibility
You can use Nix's `diff-hook` setting to compare build results. Note
that this hook is only executed if the results differ; it is not used
for determining if the results are the same.
For purposes of demonstration, we'll use the following Nix file,
`deterministic.nix` for testing:
```nix
let
inherit (import <nixpkgs> {}) runCommand;
in {
stable = runCommand "stable" {} ''
touch $out
'';
unstable = runCommand "unstable" {} ''
echo $RANDOM > $out
'';
}
```
Additionally, `nix.conf` contains:
diff-hook = /etc/nix/my-diff-hook
run-diff-hook = true
where `/etc/nix/my-diff-hook` is an executable file containing:
```bash
#!/bin/sh
exec >&2
echo "For derivation $3:"
/run/current-system/sw/bin/diff -r "$1" "$2"
```
The diff hook is executed by the same user and group who ran the build.
However, the diff hook does not have write access to the store path just
built.
# Spot-Checking Build Determinism
Verify a path which already exists in the Nix store by passing `--check`
to the build command.
If the build passes and is deterministic, Nix will exit with a status
code of 0:
```console
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A stable
this derivation will be built:
/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv
building '/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv'...
/nix/store/yyxlzw3vqaas7wfp04g0b1xg51f2czgq-stable
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A stable --check
checking outputs of '/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv'...
/nix/store/yyxlzw3vqaas7wfp04g0b1xg51f2czgq-stable
```
If the build is not deterministic, Nix will exit with a status code of
1:
```console
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A unstable
this derivation will be built:
/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv
building '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A unstable --check
checking outputs of '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
error: derivation '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv' may
not be deterministic: output '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable' differs
```
In the Nix daemon's log, we will now see:
```
For derivation /nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv:
1c1
< 8108
---
> 30204
```
Using `--check` with `--keep-failed` will cause Nix to keep the second
build's output in a special, `.check` path:
```console
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A unstable --check --keep-failed
checking outputs of '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
note: keeping build directory '/tmp/nix-build-unstable.drv-0'
error: derivation '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv' may
not be deterministic: output '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable' differs
from '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable.check'
```
In particular, notice the
`/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable.check` output. Nix
has copied the build results to that directory where you can examine it.
> **Note**
>
> Check paths are not protected against garbage collection, and this
> path will be deleted on the next garbage collection.
>
> The path is guaranteed to be alive for the duration of
> the `diff-hook`'s execution, but may be deleted any time after.
>
> If the comparison is performed as part of automated tooling, please
> use the diff-hook or author your tooling to handle the case where the
> build was not deterministic and also a check path does not exist.
`--check` is only usable if the derivation has been built on the system
already. If the derivation has not been built Nix will fail with the
error:
error: some outputs of '/nix/store/hzi1h60z2qf0nb85iwnpvrai3j2w7rr6-unstable.drv'
are not valid, so checking is not possible
Run the build without `--check`, and then try with `--check` again.
# Automatic and Optionally Enforced Determinism Verification
Automatically verify every build at build time by executing the build
multiple times.
Setting `repeat` and `enforce-determinism` in your `nix.conf` permits
the automated verification of every build Nix performs.
The following configuration will run each build three times, and will
require the build to be deterministic:
enforce-determinism = true
repeat = 2
Setting `enforce-determinism` to false as in the following
configuration will run the build multiple times, execute the build
hook, but will allow the build to succeed even if it does not build
reproducibly:
enforce-determinism = false
repeat = 1
An example output of this configuration:
```console
$ nix-build ./test.nix -A unstable
this derivation will be built:
/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv
building '/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv' (round 1/2)...
building '/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv' (round 2/2)...
output '/nix/store/6xg356v9gl03hpbbg8gws77n19qanh02-unstable' of '/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv' differs from '/nix/store/6xg356v9gl03hpbbg8gws77n19qanh02-unstable.check' from previous round
/nix/store/6xg356v9gl03hpbbg8gws77n19qanh02-unstable
```

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@@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
# Remote Builds
Nix supports remote builds, where a local Nix installation can forward
Nix builds to other machines. This allows multiple builds to be
performed in parallel and allows Nix to perform multi-platform builds in
a semi-transparent way. For instance, if you perform a build for a
`x86_64-darwin` on an `i686-linux` machine, Nix can automatically
forward the build to a `x86_64-darwin` machine, if available.
To forward a build to a remote machine, its required that the remote
machine is accessible via SSH and that it has Nix installed. You can
test whether connecting to the remote Nix instance works, e.g.
```console
$ nix ping-store --store ssh://mac
```
will try to connect to the machine named `mac`. It is possible to
specify an SSH identity file as part of the remote store URI, e.g.
```console
$ nix ping-store --store ssh://mac?ssh-key=/home/alice/my-key
```
Since builds should be non-interactive, the key should not have a
passphrase. Alternatively, you can load identities ahead of time into
`ssh-agent` or `gpg-agent`.
If you get the error
```console
bash: nix-store: command not found
error: cannot connect to 'mac'
```
then you need to ensure that the `PATH` of non-interactive login shells
contains Nix.
> **Warning**
>
> If you are building via the Nix daemon, it is the Nix daemon user
> account (that is, `root`) that should have SSH access to the remote
> machine. If you cant or dont want to configure `root` to be able to
> access to remote machine, you can use a private Nix store instead by
> passing e.g. `--store ~/my-nix`.
The list of remote machines can be specified on the command line or in
the Nix configuration file. The former is convenient for testing. For
example, the following command allows you to build a derivation for
`x86_64-darwin` on a Linux machine:
```console
$ uname
Linux
$ nix build \
'(with import <nixpkgs> { system = "x86_64-darwin"; }; runCommand "foo" {} "uname > $out")' \
--builders 'ssh://mac x86_64-darwin'
[1/0/1 built, 0.0 MiB DL] building foo on ssh://mac
$ cat ./result
Darwin
```
It is possible to specify multiple builders separated by a semicolon or
a newline, e.g.
```console
--builders 'ssh://mac x86_64-darwin ; ssh://beastie x86_64-freebsd'
```
Each machine specification consists of the following elements, separated
by spaces. Only the first element is required. To leave a field at its
default, set it to `-`.
1. The URI of the remote store in the format
`ssh://[username@]hostname`, e.g. `ssh://nix@mac` or `ssh://mac`.
For backward compatibility, `ssh://` may be omitted. The hostname
may be an alias defined in your `~/.ssh/config`.
2. A comma-separated list of Nix platform type identifiers, such as
`x86_64-darwin`. It is possible for a machine to support multiple
platform types, e.g., `i686-linux,x86_64-linux`. If omitted, this
defaults to the local platform type.
3. The SSH identity file to be used to log in to the remote machine. If
omitted, SSH will use its regular identities.
4. The maximum number of builds that Nix will execute in parallel on
the machine. Typically this should be equal to the number of CPU
cores. For instance, the machine `itchy` in the example will execute
up to 8 builds in parallel.
5. The “speed factor”, indicating the relative speed of the machine. If
there are multiple machines of the right type, Nix will prefer the
fastest, taking load into account.
6. A comma-separated list of *supported features*. If a derivation has
the `requiredSystemFeatures` attribute, then Nix will only perform
the derivation on a machine that has the specified features. For
instance, the attribute
```nix
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "kvm" ];
```
will cause the build to be performed on a machine that has the `kvm`
feature.
7. A comma-separated list of *mandatory features*. A machine will only
be used to build a derivation if all of the machines mandatory
features appear in the derivations `requiredSystemFeatures`
attribute..
8. The (base64-encoded) public host key of the remote machine. If omitted, SSH
will use its regular known-hosts file. Specifically, the field is calculated
via `base64 -w0 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub`.
For example, the machine specification
nix@scratchy.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 8 1 kvm
nix@itchy.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 8 2
nix@poochie.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 1 2 kvm benchmark
specifies several machines that can perform `i686-linux` builds.
However, `poochie` will only do builds that have the attribute
```nix
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "benchmark" ];
```
or
```nix
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "benchmark" "kvm" ];
```
`itchy` cannot do builds that require `kvm`, but `scratchy` does support
such builds. For regular builds, `itchy` will be preferred over
`scratchy` because it has a higher speed factor.
Remote builders can also be configured in `nix.conf`, e.g.
builders = ssh://mac x86_64-darwin ; ssh://beastie x86_64-freebsd
Finally, remote builders can be configured in a separate configuration
file included in `builders` via the syntax `@file`. For example,
builders = @/etc/nix/machines
causes the list of machines in `/etc/nix/machines` to be included. (This
is the default.)
If you want the builders to use caches, you likely want to set the
option `builders-use-substitutes` in your local `nix.conf`.
To build only on remote builders and disable building on the local
machine, you can use the option `--max-jobs 0`.

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@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
# Using the `post-build-hook`
# Implementation Caveats
Here we use the post-build hook to upload to a binary cache. This is a
simple and working example, but it is not suitable for all use cases.
The post build hook program runs after each executed build, and blocks
the build loop. The build loop exits if the hook program fails.
Concretely, this implementation will make Nix slow or unusable when the
internet is slow or unreliable.
A more advanced implementation might pass the store paths to a
user-supplied daemon or queue for processing the store paths outside of
the build loop.
# Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes you have [configured an S3-compatible binary
cache](../package-management/s3-substituter.md), and that the `root`
user's default AWS profile can upload to the bucket.
# Set up a Signing Key
Use `nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key` to create our public and
private signing keys. We will sign paths with the private key, and
distribute the public key for verifying the authenticity of the paths.
```console
# nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key example-nix-cache-1 /etc/nix/key.private /etc/nix/key.public
# cat /etc/nix/key.public
example-nix-cache-1:1/cKDz3QCCOmwcztD2eV6Coggp6rqc9DGjWv7C0G+rM=
```
Then, add the public key and the cache URL to your `nix.conf`'s
`trusted-public-keys` and `substituters` options:
substituters = https://cache.nixos.org/ s3://example-nix-cache
trusted-public-keys = cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY= example-nix-cache-1:1/cKDz3QCCOmwcztD2eV6Coggp6rqc9DGjWv7C0G+rM=
We will restart the Nix daemon in a later step.
# Implementing the build hook
Write the following script to `/etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh`:
```bash
#!/bin/sh
set -eu
set -f # disable globbing
export IFS=' '
echo "Signing paths" $OUT_PATHS
nix store sign --key-file /etc/nix/key.private $OUT_PATHS
echo "Uploading paths" $OUT_PATHS
exec nix copy --to 's3://example-nix-cache' $OUT_PATHS
```
> **Note**
>
> The `$OUT_PATHS` variable is a space-separated list of Nix store
> paths. In this case, we expect and want the shell to perform word
> splitting to make each output path its own argument to `nix
> store sign`. Nix guarantees the paths will not contain any spaces,
> however a store path might contain glob characters. The `set -f`
> disables globbing in the shell.
Then make sure the hook program is executable by the `root` user:
```console
# chmod +x /etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh
```
# Updating Nix Configuration
Edit `/etc/nix/nix.conf` to run our hook, by adding the following
configuration snippet at the end:
post-build-hook = /etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh
Then, restart the `nix-daemon`.
# Testing
Build any derivation, for example:
```console
$ nix-build -E '(import <nixpkgs> {}).writeText "example" (builtins.toString builtins.currentTime)'
this derivation will be built:
/nix/store/s4pnfbkalzy5qz57qs6yybna8wylkig6-example.drv
building '/nix/store/s4pnfbkalzy5qz57qs6yybna8wylkig6-example.drv'...
running post-build-hook '/home/grahamc/projects/github.com/NixOS/nix/post-hook.sh'...
post-build-hook: Signing paths /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
post-build-hook: Uploading paths /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
/nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
```
Then delete the path from the store, and try substituting it from the
binary cache:
```console
$ rm ./result
$ nix-store --delete /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
```
Now, copy the path back from the cache:
```console
$ nix-store --realise /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
copying path '/nix/store/m8bmqwrch6l3h8s0k3d673xpmipcdpsa-example from 's3://example-nix-cache'...
warning: you did not specify '--add-root'; the result might be removed by the garbage collector
/nix/store/m8bmqwrch6l3h8s0k3d673xpmipcdpsa-example
```
# Conclusion
We now have a Nix installation configured to automatically sign and
upload every local build to a remote binary cache.
Before deploying this to production, be sure to consider the
[implementation caveats](#implementation-caveats).

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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
This section lists commands and options that you can use when you work
with Nix.

View File

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
# Name
`nix.conf` - Nix configuration file
# Description
By default Nix reads settings from the following places:
- The system-wide configuration file `sysconfdir/nix/nix.conf` (i.e.
`/etc/nix/nix.conf` on most systems), or `$NIX_CONF_DIR/nix.conf` if
`NIX_CONF_DIR` is set. Values loaded in this file are not forwarded
to the Nix daemon. The client assumes that the daemon has already
loaded them.
- If `NIX_USER_CONF_FILES` is set, then each path separated by `:`
will be loaded in reverse order.
Otherwise it will look for `nix/nix.conf` files in `XDG_CONFIG_DIRS`
and `XDG_CONFIG_HOME`. If these are unset, it will look in
`$HOME/.config/nix.conf`.
- If `NIX_CONFIG` is set, its contents is treated as the contents of
a configuration file.
The configuration files consist of `name = value` pairs, one per
line. Other files can be included with a line like `include path`,
where *path* is interpreted relative to the current conf file and a
missing file is an error unless `!include` is used instead. Comments
start with a `#` character. Here is an example configuration file:
keep-outputs = true # Nice for developers
keep-derivations = true # Idem
You can override settings on the command line using the `--option`
flag, e.g. `--option keep-outputs false`. Every configuration setting
also has a corresponding command line flag, e.g. `--max-jobs 16`; for
Boolean settings, there are two flags to enable or disable the setting
(e.g. `--keep-failed` and `--no-keep-failed`).
A configuration setting usually overrides any previous value. However,
you can prefix the name of the setting by `extra-` to *append* to the
previous value. For instance,
substituters = a b
extra-substituters = c d
defines the `substituters` setting to be `a b c d`. This is also
available as a command line flag (e.g. `--extra-substituters`).
The following settings are currently available:

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# Common Environment Variables
Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:
- `IN_NIX_SHELL`\
Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by
`nix-shell`. Since Nix 2.0 the values are `"pure"` and `"impure"`
- `NIX_PATH`\
A colon-separated list of directories used to look up Nix
expressions enclosed in angle brackets (i.e., `<path>`). For
instance, the value
/home/eelco/Dev:/etc/nixos
will cause Nix to look for paths relative to `/home/eelco/Dev` and
`/etc/nixos`, in this order. It is also possible to match paths
against a prefix. For example, the value
nixpkgs=/home/eelco/Dev/nixpkgs-branch:/etc/nixos
will cause Nix to search for `<nixpkgs/path>` in
`/home/eelco/Dev/nixpkgs-branch/path` and `/etc/nixos/nixpkgs/path`.
If a path in the Nix search path starts with `http://` or
`https://`, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be
downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must
consist of a single top-level directory. For example, setting
`NIX_PATH` to
nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz
tells Nix to download and use the current contents of the
`master` branch in the `nixpkgs` repository.
The URLs of the tarballs from the official nixos.org channels (see
[the manual for `nix-channel`](nix-channel.md)) can be abbreviated
as `channel:<channel-name>`. For instance, the following two
values of `NIX_PATH` are equivalent:
nixpkgs=channel:nixos-21.05
nixpkgs=https://nixos.org/channels/nixos-21.05/nixexprs.tar.xz
The Nix search path can also be extended using the `-I` option to
many Nix commands, which takes precedence over `NIX_PATH`.
- `NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE`\
Normally, the Nix store directory (typically `/nix/store`) is not
allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent
“impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by
resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines
(with `/nix/store` resolving to different locations) could yield
different results. This is generally not a problem, except when
builds are deployed to machines where `/nix/store` resolves
differently. If you are sure that youre not going to do that, you
can set `NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE` to `1`.
Note that if youre symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it
on another file system than the root file system, on Linux youre
better off using `bind` mount points, e.g.,
```console
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
- `NIX_STORE_DIR`\
Overrides the location of the Nix store (default `prefix/store`).
- `NIX_DATA_DIR`\
Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default
`prefix/share`).
- `NIX_LOG_DIR`\
Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default
`prefix/var/log/nix`).
- `NIX_STATE_DIR`\
Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default
`prefix/var/nix`).
- `NIX_CONF_DIR`\
Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory
(default `prefix/etc/nix`).
- `NIX_CONFIG`\
Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment.
The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file.
Settings are separated by the newline character.
- `NIX_USER_CONF_FILES`\
Overrides the location of the user Nix configuration files to load
from (defaults to the XDG spec locations). The variable is treated
as a list separated by the `:` token.
- `TMPDIR`\
Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular,
this includes temporary build directories; these can take up
substantial amounts of disk space. The default is `/tmp`.
- `NIX_REMOTE`\
This variable should be set to `daemon` if you want to use the Nix
daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in [multi-user
Nix installations](../installation/multi-user.md). If the Nix
daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable
should be set to `unix://path/to/socket`. Otherwise, it should be
left unset.
- `NIX_SHOW_STATS`\
If set to `1`, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as
the number of values allocated.
- `NIX_COUNT_CALLS`\
If set to `1`, Nix will print how often functions were called during
Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix
expressions.
- `GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE`\
If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this
variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to
384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but
will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

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# Experimental Commands
This section lists experimental commands.
> **Warning**
>
> These commands may be removed in the future, or their syntax may
> change in incompatible ways.

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# Files
This section lists configuration files that you can use when you work
with Nix.

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# Main Commands
This section lists commands and options that you can use when you work
with Nix.

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@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
# Name
`nix-build` - build a Nix expression
# Synopsis
`nix-build` [*paths…*]
[`--arg` *name* *value*]
[`--argstr` *name* *value*]
[{`--attr` | `-A`} *attrPath*]
[`--no-out-link`]
[`--dry-run`]
[{`--out-link` | `-o`} *outlink*]
# Description
The `nix-build` command builds the derivations described by the Nix
expressions in *paths*. If the build succeeds, it places a symlink to
the result in the current directory. The symlink is called `result`. If
there are multiple Nix expressions, or the Nix expressions evaluate to
multiple derivations, multiple sequentially numbered symlinks are
created (`result`, `result-2`, and so on).
If no *paths* are specified, then `nix-build` will use `default.nix` in
the current directory, if it exists.
If an element of *paths* starts with `http://` or `https://`, it is
interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked
to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level
directory containing at least a file named `default.nix`.
`nix-build` is essentially a wrapper around
[`nix-instantiate`](nix-instantiate.md) (to translate a high-level Nix
expression to a low-level store derivation) and [`nix-store
--realise`](nix-store.md#operation---realise) (to build the store
derivation).
> **Warning**
>
> The result of the build is automatically registered as a root of the
> Nix garbage collector. This root disappears automatically when the
> `result` symlink is deleted or renamed. So dont rename the symlink.
# Options
All options not listed here are passed to `nix-store
--realise`, except for `--arg` and `--attr` / `-A` which are passed to
`nix-instantiate`.
- `--no-out-link`\
Do not create a symlink to the output path. Note that as a result
the output does not become a root of the garbage collector, and so
might be deleted by `nix-store
--gc`.
- `--dry-run`\
Show what store paths would be built or downloaded.
- `--out-link` / `-o` *outlink*\
Change the name of the symlink to the output path created from
`result` to *outlink*.
The following common options are supported:
# Examples
```console
$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A firefox
store derivation is /nix/store/qybprl8sz2lc...-firefox-1.5.0.7.drv
/nix/store/d18hyl92g30l...-firefox-1.5.0.7
$ ls -l result
lrwxrwxrwx ... result -> /nix/store/d18hyl92g30l...-firefox-1.5.0.7
$ ls ./result/bin/
firefox firefox-config
```
If a derivation has multiple outputs, `nix-build` will build the default
(first) output. You can also build all outputs:
```console
$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A openssl.all
```
This will create a symlink for each output named `result-outputname`.
The suffix is omitted if the output name is `out`. So if `openssl` has
outputs `out`, `bin` and `man`, `nix-build` will create symlinks
`result`, `result-bin` and `result-man`. Its also possible to build a
specific output:
```console
$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A openssl.man
```
This will create a symlink `result-man`.
Build a Nix expression given on the command line:
```console
$ nix-build -E 'with import <nixpkgs> { }; runCommand "foo" { } "echo bar > $out"'
$ cat ./result
bar
```
Build the GNU Hello package from the latest revision of the master
branch of Nixpkgs:
```console
$ nix-build https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz -A hello
```

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# Name
`nix-channel` - manage Nix channels
# Synopsis
`nix-channel` {`--add` url [*name*] | `--remove` *name* | `--list` | `--update` [*names…*] | `--rollback` [*generation*] }
# Description
A Nix channel is a mechanism that allows you to automatically stay
up-to-date with a set of pre-built Nix expressions. A Nix channel is
just a URL that points to a place containing a set of Nix expressions.
To see the list of official NixOS channels, visit
<https://nixos.org/channels>.
This command has the following operations:
- `--add` *url* \[*name*\]\
Adds a channel named *name* with URL *url* to the list of subscribed
channels. If *name* is omitted, it defaults to the last component of
*url*, with the suffixes `-stable` or `-unstable` removed.
- `--remove` *name*\
Removes the channel named *name* from the list of subscribed
channels.
- `--list`\
Prints the names and URLs of all subscribed channels on standard
output.
- `--update` \[*names*…\]\
Downloads the Nix expressions of all subscribed channels (or only
those included in *names* if specified) and makes them the default
for `nix-env` operations (by symlinking them from the directory
`~/.nix-defexpr`).
- `--rollback` \[*generation*\]\
Reverts the previous call to `nix-channel
--update`. Optionally, you can specify a specific channel generation
number to restore.
Note that `--add` does not automatically perform an update.
The list of subscribed channels is stored in `~/.nix-channels`.
# Examples
To subscribe to the Nixpkgs channel and install the GNU Hello package:
```console
$ nix-channel --add https://nixos.org/channels/nixpkgs-unstable
$ nix-channel --update
$ nix-env -iA nixpkgs.hello
```
You can revert channel updates using `--rollback`:
```console
$ nix-instantiate --eval -E '(import <nixpkgs> {}).lib.version'
"14.04.527.0e935f1"
$ nix-channel --rollback
switching from generation 483 to 482
$ nix-instantiate --eval -E '(import <nixpkgs> {}).lib.version'
"14.04.526.dbadfad"
```
# Files
- `/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/username/channels`\
`nix-channel` uses a `nix-env` profile to keep track of previous
versions of the subscribed channels. Every time you run `nix-channel
--update`, a new channel generation (that is, a symlink to the
channel Nix expressions in the Nix store) is created. This enables
`nix-channel --rollback` to revert to previous versions.
- `~/.nix-defexpr/channels`\
This is a symlink to
`/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/username/channels`. It ensures that
`nix-env` can find your channels. In a multi-user installation, you
may also have `~/.nix-defexpr/channels_root`, which links to the
channels of the root user.
# Channel format
A channel URL should point to a directory containing the following
files:
- `nixexprs.tar.xz`\
A tarball containing Nix expressions and files referenced by them
(such as build scripts and patches). At the top level, the tarball
should contain a single directory. That directory must contain a
file `default.nix` that serves as the channels “entry point”.

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# Name
`nix-collect-garbage` - delete unreachable store paths
# Synopsis
`nix-collect-garbage` [`--delete-old`] [`-d`] [`--delete-older-than` *period*] [`--max-freed` *bytes*] [`--dry-run`]
# Description
The command `nix-collect-garbage` is mostly an alias of [`nix-store
--gc`](nix-store.md#operation---gc), that is, it deletes all
unreachable paths in the Nix store to clean up your system. However,
it provides two additional options: `-d` (`--delete-old`), which
deletes all old generations of all profiles in `/nix/var/nix/profiles`
by invoking `nix-env --delete-generations old` on all profiles (of
course, this makes rollbacks to previous configurations impossible);
and `--delete-older-than` *period*, where period is a value such as
`30d`, which deletes all generations older than the specified number
of days in all profiles in `/nix/var/nix/profiles` (except for the
generations that were active at that point in time).
# Example
To delete from the Nix store everything that is not used by the current
generations of each profile, do
```console
$ nix-collect-garbage -d
```

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# Name
`nix-copy-closure` - copy a closure to or from a remote machine via SSH
# Synopsis
`nix-copy-closure`
[`--to` | `--from`]
[`--gzip`]
[`--include-outputs`]
[`--use-substitutes` | `-s`]
[`-v`]
_user@machine_ _paths_
# Description
`nix-copy-closure` gives you an easy and efficient way to exchange
software between machines. Given one or more Nix store _paths_ on the
local machine, `nix-copy-closure` computes the closure of those paths
(i.e. all their dependencies in the Nix store), and copies all paths
in the closure to the remote machine via the `ssh` (Secure Shell)
command. With the `--from` option, the direction is reversed: the
closure of _paths_ on a remote machine is copied to the Nix store on
the local machine.
This command is efficient because it only sends the store paths
that are missing on the target machine.
Since `nix-copy-closure` calls `ssh`, you may be asked to type in the
appropriate password or passphrase. In fact, you may be asked _twice_
because `nix-copy-closure` currently connects twice to the remote
machine, first to get the set of paths missing on the target machine,
and second to send the dump of those paths. If this bothers you, use
`ssh-agent`.
# Options
- `--to`\
Copy the closure of _paths_ from the local Nix store to the Nix
store on _machine_. This is the default.
- `--from`\
Copy the closure of _paths_ from the Nix store on _machine_ to the
local Nix store.
- `--gzip`\
Enable compression of the SSH connection.
- `--include-outputs`\
Also copy the outputs of store derivations included in the closure.
- `--use-substitutes` / `-s`\
Attempt to download missing paths on the target machine using Nixs
substitute mechanism. Any paths that cannot be substituted on the
target are still copied normally from the source. This is useful,
for instance, if the connection between the source and target
machine is slow, but the connection between the target machine and
`nixos.org` (the default binary cache server) is
fast.
- `-v`\
Show verbose output.
# Environment variables
- `NIX_SSHOPTS`\
Additional options to be passed to `ssh` on the command
line.
# Examples
Copy Firefox with all its dependencies to a remote machine:
```console
$ nix-copy-closure --to alice@itchy.labs $(type -tP firefox)
```
Copy Subversion from a remote machine and then install it into a user
environment:
```console
$ nix-copy-closure --from alice@itchy.labs \
/nix/store/0dj0503hjxy5mbwlafv1rsbdiyx1gkdy-subversion-1.4.4
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/0dj0503hjxy5mbwlafv1rsbdiyx1gkdy-subversion-1.4.4
```

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# Name
`nix-daemon` - Nix multi-user support daemon
# Synopsis
`nix-daemon`
# Description
The Nix daemon is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. It performs
build actions and other operations on the Nix store on behalf of
unprivileged users.

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# Name
`nix-env` - manipulate or query Nix user environments
# Synopsis
`nix-env`
[`--option` *name* *value*]
[`--arg` *name* *value*]
[`--argstr` *name* *value*]
[{`--file` | `-f`} *path*]
[{`--profile` | `-p`} *path(]
[`--system-filter` *system*]
[`--dry-run`]
*operation* [*options…*] [*arguments…*]
# Description
The command `nix-env` is used to manipulate Nix user environments. User
environments are sets of software packages available to a user at some
point in time. In other words, they are a synthesised view of the
programs available in the Nix store. There may be many user
environments: different users can have different environments, and
individual users can switch between different environments.
`nix-env` takes exactly one *operation* flag which indicates the
subcommand to be performed. These are documented below.
# Selectors
Several commands, such as `nix-env -q` and `nix-env -i`, take a list of
arguments that specify the packages on which to operate. These are
extended regular expressions that must match the entire name of the
package. (For details on regular expressions, see regex7.) The match is
case-sensitive. The regular expression can optionally be followed by a
dash and a version number; if omitted, any version of the package will
match. Here are some examples:
- `firefox`\
Matches the package name `firefox` and any version.
- `firefox-32.0`\
Matches the package name `firefox` and version `32.0`.
- `gtk\\+`\
Matches the package name `gtk+`. The `+` character must be escaped
using a backslash to prevent it from being interpreted as a
quantifier, and the backslash must be escaped in turn with another
backslash to ensure that the shell passes it on.
- `.\*`\
Matches any package name. This is the default for most commands.
- `'.*zip.*'`\
Matches any package name containing the string `zip`. Note the dots:
`'*zip*'` does not work, because in a regular expression, the
character `*` is interpreted as a quantifier.
- `'.*(firefox|chromium).*'`\
Matches any package name containing the strings `firefox` or
`chromium`.
# Common options
This section lists the options that are common to all operations. These
options are allowed for every subcommand, though they may not always
have an effect.
- `--file` / `-f` *path*\
Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the *active Nix
expression*) used by the `--install`, `--upgrade`, and `--query
--available` operations to obtain derivations. The default is
`~/.nix-defexpr`.
If the argument starts with `http://` or `https://`, it is
interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and
unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single
top-level directory containing at least a file named `default.nix`.
- `--profile` / `-p` *path*\
Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on
a profile (designated below as the *active profile*). A profile is a
sequence of user environments called *generations*, one of which is
the *current generation*.
- `--dry-run`\
For the `--install`, `--upgrade`, `--uninstall`,
`--switch-generation`, `--delete-generations` and `--rollback`
operations, this flag will cause `nix-env` to print what *would* be
done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.
`--dry-run` also prints out which paths will be
[substituted](../glossary.md) (i.e., downloaded) and which paths
will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
- `--system-filter` *system*\
By default, operations such as `--query
--available` show derivations matching any platform. This option
allows you to use derivations for the specified platform *system*.
<!-- end list -->
# Files
- `~/.nix-defexpr`\
The source for the default Nix expressions used by the
`--install`, `--upgrade`, and `--query --available` operations to
obtain derivations. The `--file` option may be used to override
this default.
If `~/.nix-defexpr` is a file, it is loaded as a Nix expression. If
the expression is a set, it is used as the default Nix expression.
If the expression is a function, an empty set is passed as argument
and the return value is used as the default Nix expression.
If `~/.nix-defexpr` is a directory containing a `default.nix` file,
that file is loaded as in the above paragraph.
If `~/.nix-defexpr` is a directory without a `default.nix` file,
then its contents (both files and subdirectories) are loaded as Nix
expressions. The expressions are combined into a single set, each
expression under an attribute with the same name as the original
file or subdirectory.
For example, if `~/.nix-defexpr` contains two files, `foo.nix` and
`bar.nix`, then the default Nix expression will essentially be
```nix
{
foo = import ~/.nix-defexpr/foo.nix;
bar = import ~/.nix-defexpr/bar.nix;
}
```
The file `manifest.nix` is always ignored. Subdirectories without a
`default.nix` file are traversed recursively in search of more Nix
expressions, but the names of these intermediate directories are not
added to the attribute paths of the default Nix expression.
The command `nix-channel` places symlinks to the downloaded Nix
expressions from each subscribed channel in this directory.
- `~/.nix-profile`\
A symbolic link to the user's current profile. By default, this
symlink points to `prefix/var/nix/profiles/default`. The `PATH`
environment variable should include `~/.nix-profile/bin` for the
user environment to be visible to the user.
# Operation `--install`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` {`--install` | `-i`} *args…*
[{`--prebuilt-only` | `-b`}]
[{`--attr` | `-A`}]
[`--from-expression`] [`-E`]
[`--from-profile` *path*]
[`--preserve-installed` | `-P`]
[`--remove-all` | `-r`]
## Description
The install operation creates a new user environment, based on the
current generation of the active profile, to which a set of store paths
described by *args* is added. The arguments *args* map to store paths in
a number of possible ways:
- By default, *args* is a set of derivation names denoting derivations
in the active Nix expression. These are realised, and the resulting
output paths are installed. Currently installed derivations with a
name equal to the name of a derivation being added are removed
unless the option `--preserve-installed` is specified.
If there are multiple derivations matching a name in *args* that
have the same name (e.g., `gcc-3.3.6` and `gcc-4.1.1`), then the
derivation with the highest *priority* is used. A derivation can
define a priority by declaring the `meta.priority` attribute. This
attribute should be a number, with a higher value denoting a lower
priority. The default priority is `0`.
If there are multiple matching derivations with the same priority,
then the derivation with the highest version will be installed.
You can force the installation of multiple derivations with the same
name by being specific about the versions. For instance, `nix-env -i
gcc-3.3.6 gcc-4.1.1` will install both version of GCC (and will
probably cause a user environment conflict\!).
- If `--attr` (`-A`) is specified, the arguments are *attribute
paths* that select attributes from the top-level Nix
expression. This is faster than using derivation names and
unambiguous. To find out the attribute paths of available
packages, use `nix-env -qaP`.
- If `--from-profile` *path* is given, *args* is a set of names
denoting installed store paths in the profile *path*. This is an
easy way to copy user environment elements from one profile to
another.
- If `--from-expression` is given, *args* are Nix
[functions](../expressions/language-constructs.md#functions)
that are called with the active Nix expression as their single
argument. The derivations returned by those function calls are
installed. This allows derivations to be specified in an
unambiguous way, which is necessary if there are multiple
derivations with the same name.
- If *args* are store derivations, then these are
[realised](nix-store.md#operation---realise), and the resulting output paths
are installed.
- If *args* are store paths that are not store derivations, then these
are [realised](nix-store.md#operation---realise) and installed.
- By default all outputs are installed for each derivation. That can
be reduced by setting `meta.outputsToInstall`.
## Flags
- `--prebuilt-only` / `-b`\
Use only derivations for which a substitute is registered, i.e.,
there is a pre-built binary available that can be downloaded in lieu
of building the derivation. Thus, no packages will be built from
source.
- `--preserve-installed`; `-P`\
Do not remove derivations with a name matching one of the
derivations being installed. Usually, trying to have two versions of
the same package installed in the same generation of a profile will
lead to an error in building the generation, due to file name
clashes between the two versions. However, this is not the case for
all packages.
- `--remove-all`; `-r`\
Remove all previously installed packages first. This is equivalent
to running `nix-env -e '.*'` first, except that everything happens
in a single transaction.
## Examples
To install a specific version of `gcc` from the active Nix expression:
```console
$ nix-env --install gcc-3.3.2
installing `gcc-3.3.2'
uninstalling `gcc-3.1'
```
Note the previously installed version is removed, since
`--preserve-installed` was not specified.
To install an arbitrary version:
```console
$ nix-env --install gcc
installing `gcc-3.3.2'
```
To install using a specific attribute:
```console
$ nix-env -i -A gcc40mips
$ nix-env -i -A xorg.xorgserver
```
To install all derivations in the Nix expression `foo.nix`:
```console
$ nix-env -f ~/foo.nix -i '.*'
```
To copy the store path with symbolic name `gcc` from another profile:
```console
$ nix-env -i --from-profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/foo gcc
```
To install a specific store derivation (typically created by
`nix-instantiate`):
```console
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/fibjb1bfbpm5mrsxc4mh2d8n37sxh91i-gcc-3.4.3.drv
```
To install a specific output path:
```console
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/y3cgx0xj1p4iv9x0pnnmdhr8iyg741vk-gcc-3.4.3
```
To install from a Nix expression specified on the command-line:
```console
$ nix-env -f ./foo.nix -i -E \
'f: (f {system = "i686-linux";}).subversionWithJava'
```
I.e., this evaluates to `(f: (f {system =
"i686-linux";}).subversionWithJava) (import ./foo.nix)`, thus selecting
the `subversionWithJava` attribute from the set returned by calling the
function defined in `./foo.nix`.
A dry-run tells you which paths will be downloaded or built from source:
```console
$ nix-env -f '<nixpkgs>' -iA hello --dry-run
(dry run; not doing anything)
installing hello-2.10
this path will be fetched (0.04 MiB download, 0.19 MiB unpacked):
/nix/store/wkhdf9jinag5750mqlax6z2zbwhqb76n-hello-2.10
...
```
To install Firefox from the latest revision in the Nixpkgs/NixOS 14.12
channel:
```console
$ nix-env -f https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz -iA firefox
```
# Operation `--upgrade`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` {`--upgrade` | `-u`} *args*
[`--lt` | `--leq` | `--eq` | `--always`]
[{`--prebuilt-only` | `-b`}]
[{`--attr` | `-A`}]
[`--from-expression`] [`-E`]
[`--from-profile` *path*]
[`--preserve-installed` | `-P`]
## Description
The upgrade operation creates a new user environment, based on the
current generation of the active profile, in which all store paths are
replaced for which there are newer versions in the set of paths
described by *args*. Paths for which there are no newer versions are
left untouched; this is not an error. It is also not an error if an
element of *args* matches no installed derivations.
For a description of how *args* is mapped to a set of store paths, see
[`--install`](#operation---install). If *args* describes multiple
store paths with the same symbolic name, only the one with the highest
version is installed.
## Flags
- `--lt`\
Only upgrade a derivation to newer versions. This is the default.
- `--leq`\
In addition to upgrading to newer versions, also “upgrade” to
derivations that have the same version. Version are not a unique
identification of a derivation, so there may be many derivations
that have the same version. This flag may be useful to force
“synchronisation” between the installed and available derivations.
- `--eq`\
*Only* “upgrade” to derivations that have the same version. This may
not seem very useful, but it actually is, e.g., when there is a new
release of Nixpkgs and you want to replace installed applications
with the same versions built against newer dependencies (to reduce
the number of dependencies floating around on your system).
- `--always`\
In addition to upgrading to newer versions, also “upgrade” to
derivations that have the same or a lower version. I.e., derivations
may actually be downgraded depending on what is available in the
active Nix expression.
For the other flags, see `--install`.
## Examples
```console
$ nix-env --upgrade gcc
upgrading `gcc-3.3.1' to `gcc-3.4'
```
```console
$ nix-env -u gcc-3.3.2 --always (switch to a specific version)
upgrading `gcc-3.4' to `gcc-3.3.2'
```
```console
$ nix-env --upgrade pan
(no upgrades available, so nothing happens)
```
```console
$ nix-env -u (try to upgrade everything)
upgrading `hello-2.1.2' to `hello-2.1.3'
upgrading `mozilla-1.2' to `mozilla-1.4'
```
## Versions
The upgrade operation determines whether a derivation `y` is an upgrade
of a derivation `x` by looking at their respective `name` attributes.
The names (e.g., `gcc-3.3.1` are split into two parts: the package name
(`gcc`), and the version (`3.3.1`). The version part starts after the
first dash not followed by a letter. `x` is considered an upgrade of `y`
if their package names match, and the version of `y` is higher that that
of `x`.
The versions are compared by splitting them into contiguous components
of numbers and letters. E.g., `3.3.1pre5` is split into `[3, 3, 1,
"pre", 5]`. These lists are then compared lexicographically (from left
to right). Corresponding components `a` and `b` are compared as follows.
If they are both numbers, integer comparison is used. If `a` is an empty
string and `b` is a number, `a` is considered less than `b`. The special
string component `pre` (for *pre-release*) is considered to be less than
other components. String components are considered less than number
components. Otherwise, they are compared lexicographically (i.e., using
case-sensitive string comparison).
This is illustrated by the following examples:
1.0 < 2.3
2.1 < 2.3
2.3 = 2.3
2.5 > 2.3
3.1 > 2.3
2.3.1 > 2.3
2.3.1 > 2.3a
2.3pre1 < 2.3
2.3pre3 < 2.3pre12
2.3a < 2.3c
2.3pre1 < 2.3c
2.3pre1 < 2.3q
# Operation `--uninstall`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` {`--uninstall` | `-e`} *drvnames…*
## Description
The uninstall operation creates a new user environment, based on the
current generation of the active profile, from which the store paths
designated by the symbolic names *drvnames* are removed.
## Examples
```console
$ nix-env --uninstall gcc
$ nix-env -e '.*' (remove everything)
```
# Operation `--set`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` `--set` *drvname*
## Description
The `--set` operation modifies the current generation of a profile so
that it contains exactly the specified derivation, and nothing else.
## Examples
The following updates a profile such that its current generation will
contain just Firefox:
```console
$ nix-env -p /nix/var/nix/profiles/browser --set firefox
```
# Operation `--set-flag`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` `--set-flag` *name* *value* *drvnames*
## Description
The `--set-flag` operation allows meta attributes of installed packages
to be modified. There are several attributes that can be usefully
modified, because they affect the behaviour of `nix-env` or the user
environment build script:
- `priority` can be changed to resolve filename clashes. The user
environment build script uses the `meta.priority` attribute of
derivations to resolve filename collisions between packages. Lower
priority values denote a higher priority. For instance, the GCC
wrapper package and the Binutils package in Nixpkgs both have a file
`bin/ld`, so previously if you tried to install both you would get a
collision. Now, on the other hand, the GCC wrapper declares a higher
priority than Binutils, so the formers `bin/ld` is symlinked in the
user environment.
- `keep` can be set to `true` to prevent the package from being
upgraded or replaced. This is useful if you want to hang on to an
older version of a package.
- `active` can be set to `false` to “disable” the package. That is, no
symlinks will be generated to the files of the package, but it
remains part of the profile (so it wont be garbage-collected). It
can be set back to `true` to re-enable the package.
## Examples
To prevent the currently installed Firefox from being upgraded:
```console
$ nix-env --set-flag keep true firefox
```
After this, `nix-env -u` will ignore Firefox.
To disable the currently installed Firefox, then install a new Firefox
while the old remains part of the profile:
```console
$ nix-env -q
firefox-2.0.0.9 (the current one)
$ nix-env --preserve-installed -i firefox-2.0.0.11
installing `firefox-2.0.0.11'
building path(s) `/nix/store/myy0y59q3ig70dgq37jqwg1j0rsapzsl-user-environment'
collision between `/nix/store/...-firefox-2.0.0.11/bin/firefox'
and `/nix/store/...-firefox-2.0.0.9/bin/firefox'.
(i.e., cant have two active at the same time)
$ nix-env --set-flag active false firefox
setting flag on `firefox-2.0.0.9'
$ nix-env --preserve-installed -i firefox-2.0.0.11
installing `firefox-2.0.0.11'
$ nix-env -q
firefox-2.0.0.11 (the enabled one)
firefox-2.0.0.9 (the disabled one)
```
To make files from `binutils` take precedence over files from `gcc`:
```console
$ nix-env --set-flag priority 5 binutils
$ nix-env --set-flag priority 10 gcc
```
# Operation `--query`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` {`--query` | `-q`} *names…*
[`--installed` | `--available` | `-a`]
[{`--status` | `-s`}]
[{`--attr-path` | `-P`}]
[`--no-name`]
[{`--compare-versions` | `-c`}]
[`--system`]
[`--drv-path`]
[`--out-path`]
[`--description`]
[`--meta`]
[`--xml`]
[`--json`]
[{`--prebuilt-only` | `-b`}]
[{`--attr` | `-A`} *attribute-path*]
## Description
The query operation displays information about either the store paths
that are installed in the current generation of the active profile
(`--installed`), or the derivations that are available for installation
in the active Nix expression (`--available`). It only prints information
about derivations whose symbolic name matches one of *names*.
The derivations are sorted by their `name` attributes.
## Source selection
The following flags specify the set of things on which the query
operates.
- `--installed`\
The query operates on the store paths that are installed in the
current generation of the active profile. This is the default.
- `--available`; `-a`\
The query operates on the derivations that are available in the
active Nix expression.
## Queries
The following flags specify what information to display about the
selected derivations. Multiple flags may be specified, in which case the
information is shown in the order given here. Note that the name of the
derivation is shown unless `--no-name` is specified.
- `--xml`\
Print the result in an XML representation suitable for automatic
processing by other tools. The root element is called `items`, which
contains a `item` element for each available or installed
derivation. The fields discussed below are all stored in attributes
of the `item` elements.
- `--json`\
Print the result in a JSON representation suitable for automatic
processing by other tools.
- `--prebuilt-only` / `-b`\
Show only derivations for which a substitute is registered, i.e.,
there is a pre-built binary available that can be downloaded in lieu
of building the derivation. Thus, this shows all packages that
probably can be installed quickly.
- `--status`; `-s`\
Print the *status* of the derivation. The status consists of three
characters. The first is `I` or `-`, indicating whether the
derivation is currently installed in the current generation of the
active profile. This is by definition the case for `--installed`,
but not for `--available`. The second is `P` or `-`, indicating
whether the derivation is present on the system. This indicates
whether installation of an available derivation will require the
derivation to be built. The third is `S` or `-`, indicating whether
a substitute is available for the derivation.
- `--attr-path`; `-P`\
Print the *attribute path* of the derivation, which can be used to
unambiguously select it using the `--attr` option available in
commands that install derivations like `nix-env --install`. This
option only works together with `--available`
- `--no-name`\
Suppress printing of the `name` attribute of each derivation.
- `--compare-versions` / `-c`\
Compare installed versions to available versions, or vice versa (if
`--available` is given). This is useful for quickly seeing whether
upgrades for installed packages are available in a Nix expression. A
column is added with the following meaning:
- `<` *version*\
A newer version of the package is available or installed.
- `=` *version*\
At most the same version of the package is available or
installed.
- `>` *version*\
Only older versions of the package are available or installed.
- `- ?`\
No version of the package is available or installed.
- `--system`\
Print the `system` attribute of the derivation.
- `--drv-path`\
Print the path of the store derivation.
- `--out-path`\
Print the output path of the derivation.
- `--description`\
Print a short (one-line) description of the derivation, if
available. The description is taken from the `meta.description`
attribute of the derivation.
- `--meta`\
Print all of the meta-attributes of the derivation. This option is
only available with `--xml` or `--json`.
## Examples
To show installed packages:
```console
$ nix-env -q
bison-1.875c
docbook-xml-4.2
firefox-1.0.4
MPlayer-1.0pre7
ORBit2-2.8.3
```
To show available packages:
```console
$ nix-env -qa
firefox-1.0.7
GConf-2.4.0.1
MPlayer-1.0pre7
ORBit2-2.8.3
```
To show the status of available packages:
```console
$ nix-env -qas
-P- firefox-1.0.7 (not installed but present)
--S GConf-2.4.0.1 (not present, but there is a substitute for fast installation)
--S MPlayer-1.0pre3 (i.e., this is not the installed MPlayer, even though the version is the same!)
IP- ORBit2-2.8.3 (installed and by definition present)
```
To show available packages in the Nix expression `foo.nix`:
```console
$ nix-env -f ./foo.nix -qa
foo-1.2.3
```
To compare installed versions to whats available:
```console
$ nix-env -qc
...
acrobat-reader-7.0 - ? (package is not available at all)
autoconf-2.59 = 2.59 (same version)
firefox-1.0.4 < 1.0.7 (a more recent version is available)
...
```
To show all packages with “`zip`” in the name:
```console
$ nix-env -qa '.*zip.*'
bzip2-1.0.6
gzip-1.6
zip-3.0
```
To show all packages with “`firefox`” or “`chromium`” in the name:
```console
$ nix-env -qa '.*(firefox|chromium).*'
chromium-37.0.2062.94
chromium-beta-38.0.2125.24
firefox-32.0.3
firefox-with-plugins-13.0.1
```
To show all packages in the latest revision of the Nixpkgs repository:
```console
$ nix-env -f https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz -qa
```
# Operation `--switch-profile`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` {`--switch-profile` | `-S`} *path*
## Description
This operation makes *path* the current profile for the user. That is,
the symlink `~/.nix-profile` is made to point to *path*.
## Examples
```console
$ nix-env -S ~/my-profile
```
# Operation `--list-generations`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` `--list-generations`
## Description
This operation print a list of all the currently existing generations
for the active profile. These may be switched to using the
`--switch-generation` operation. It also prints the creation date of the
generation, and indicates the current generation.
## Examples
```console
$ nix-env --list-generations
95 2004-02-06 11:48:24
96 2004-02-06 11:49:01
97 2004-02-06 16:22:45
98 2004-02-06 16:24:33 (current)
```
# Operation `--delete-generations`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` `--delete-generations` *generations*
## Description
This operation deletes the specified generations of the current profile.
The generations can be a list of generation numbers, the special value
`old` to delete all non-current generations, a value such as `30d` to
delete all generations older than the specified number of days (except
for the generation that was active at that point in time), or a value
such as `+5` to keep the last `5` generations ignoring any newer than
current, e.g., if `30` is the current generation `+5` will delete
generation `25` and all older generations. Periodically deleting old
generations is important to make garbage collection effective.
## Examples
```console
$ nix-env --delete-generations 3 4 8
```
```console
$ nix-env --delete-generations +5
```
```console
$ nix-env --delete-generations 30d
```
```console
$ nix-env -p other_profile --delete-generations old
```
# Operation `--switch-generation`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` {`--switch-generation` | `-G`} *generation*
## Description
This operation makes generation number *generation* the current
generation of the active profile. That is, if the `profile` is the path
to the active profile, then the symlink `profile` is made to point to
`profile-generation-link`, which is in turn a symlink to the actual user
environment in the Nix store.
Switching will fail if the specified generation does not exist.
## Examples
```console
$ nix-env -G 42
switching from generation 50 to 42
```
# Operation `--rollback`
## Synopsis
`nix-env` `--rollback`
## Description
This operation switches to the “previous” generation of the active
profile, that is, the highest numbered generation lower than the current
generation, if it exists. It is just a convenience wrapper around
`--list-generations` and `--switch-generation`.
## Examples
```console
$ nix-env --rollback
switching from generation 92 to 91
```
```console
$ nix-env --rollback
error: no generation older than the current (91) exists
```
# Environment variables
- `NIX_PROFILE`\
Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink
`~/.nix-profile`, if it exists, or `/nix/var/nix/profiles/default`
otherwise.

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@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
# Name
`nix-hash` - compute the cryptographic hash of a path
# Synopsis
`nix-hash` [`--flat`] [`--base32`] [`--truncate`] [`--type` *hashAlgo*] *path…*
`nix-hash` `--to-base16` *hash…*
`nix-hash` `--to-base32` *hash…*
# Description
The command `nix-hash` computes the cryptographic hash of the contents
of each *path* and prints it on standard output. By default, it computes
an MD5 hash, but other hash algorithms are available as well. The hash
is printed in hexadecimal. To generate the same hash as
`nix-prefetch-url` you have to specify multiple arguments, see below for
an example.
The hash is computed over a *serialisation* of each path: a dump of
the file system tree rooted at the path. This allows directories and
symlinks to be hashed as well as regular files. The dump is in the
*NAR format* produced by [`nix-store
--dump`](nix-store.md#operation---dump). Thus, `nix-hash path`
yields the same cryptographic hash as `nix-store --dump path |
md5sum`.
# Options
- `--flat`\
Print the cryptographic hash of the contents of each regular file
*path*. That is, do not compute the hash over the dump of *path*.
The result is identical to that produced by the GNU commands
`md5sum` and `sha1sum`.
- `--base32`\
Print the hash in a base-32 representation rather than hexadecimal.
This base-32 representation is more compact and can be used in Nix
expressions (such as in calls to `fetchurl`).
- `--truncate`\
Truncate hashes longer than 160 bits (such as SHA-256) to 160 bits.
- `--type` *hashAlgo*\
Use the specified cryptographic hash algorithm, which can be one of
`md5`, `sha1`, `sha256`, and `sha512`.
- `--to-base16`\
Dont hash anything, but convert the base-32 hash representation
*hash* to hexadecimal.
- `--to-base32`\
Dont hash anything, but convert the hexadecimal hash representation
*hash* to base-32.
# Examples
Computing the same hash as `nix-prefetch-url`:
```console
$ nix-prefetch-url file://<(echo test)
1lkgqb6fclns49861dwk9rzb6xnfkxbpws74mxnx01z9qyv1pjpj
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat --base32 <(echo test)
1lkgqb6fclns49861dwk9rzb6xnfkxbpws74mxnx01z9qyv1pjpj
```
Computing hashes:
```console
$ mkdir test
$ echo "hello" > test/world
$ nix-hash test/ (MD5 hash; default)
8179d3caeff1869b5ba1744e5a245c04
$ nix-store --dump test/ | md5sum (for comparison)
8179d3caeff1869b5ba1744e5a245c04 -
$ nix-hash --type sha1 test/
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6
$ nix-hash --type sha1 --base32 test/
nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat test/
error: reading file `test/': Is a directory
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat test/world
5891b5b522d5df086d0ff0b110fbd9d21bb4fc7163af34d08286a2e846f6be03
```
Converting between hexadecimal and base-32:
```console
$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-base32 e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6
nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-base16 nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6
```

View File

@@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
# Name
`nix-instantiate` - instantiate store derivations from Nix expressions
# Synopsis
`nix-instantiate`
[`--parse` | `--eval` [`--strict`] [`--json`] [`--xml`] ]
[`--read-write-mode`]
[`--arg` *name* *value*]
[{`--attr`| `-A`} *attrPath*]
[`--add-root` *path*]
[`--expr` | `-E`]
*files…*
`nix-instantiate` `--find-file` *files…*
# Description
The command `nix-instantiate` generates [store
derivations](../glossary.md) from (high-level) Nix expressions. It
evaluates the Nix expressions in each of *files* (which defaults to
*./default.nix*). Each top-level expression should evaluate to a
derivation, a list of derivations, or a set of derivations. The paths
of the resulting store derivations are printed on standard output.
If *files* is the character `-`, then a Nix expression will be read from
standard input.
# Options
- `--add-root` *path*\
See the [corresponding option](nix-store.md) in `nix-store`.
- `--parse`\
Just parse the input files, and print their abstract syntax trees on
standard output in ATerm format.
- `--eval`\
Just parse and evaluate the input files, and print the resulting
values on standard output. No instantiation of store derivations
takes place.
- `--find-file`\
Look up the given files in Nixs search path (as specified by the
`NIX_PATH` environment variable). If found, print the corresponding
absolute paths on standard output. For instance, if `NIX_PATH` is
`nixpkgs=/home/alice/nixpkgs`, then `nix-instantiate --find-file
nixpkgs/default.nix` will print `/home/alice/nixpkgs/default.nix`.
- `--strict`\
When used with `--eval`, recursively evaluate list elements and
attributes. Normally, such sub-expressions are left unevaluated
(since the Nix expression language is lazy).
> **Warning**
>
> This option can cause non-termination, because lazy data
> structures can be infinitely large.
- `--json`\
When used with `--eval`, print the resulting value as an JSON
representation of the abstract syntax tree rather than as an ATerm.
- `--xml`\
When used with `--eval`, print the resulting value as an XML
representation of the abstract syntax tree rather than as an ATerm.
The schema is the same as that used by the [`toXML`
built-in](../expressions/builtins.md).
- `--read-write-mode`\
When used with `--eval`, perform evaluation in read/write mode so
nix language features that require it will still work (at the cost
of needing to do instantiation of every evaluated derivation). If
this option is not enabled, there may be uninstantiated store paths
in the final output.
<!-- end list -->
# Examples
Instantiating store derivations from a Nix expression, and building them
using `nix-store`:
```console
$ nix-instantiate test.nix (instantiate)
/nix/store/cigxbmvy6dzix98dxxh9b6shg7ar5bvs-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26.drv
$ nix-store -r $(nix-instantiate test.nix) (build)
...
/nix/store/qhqk4n8ci095g3sdp93x7rgwyh9rdvgk-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26 (output path)
$ ls -l /nix/store/qhqk4n8ci095g3sdp93x7rgwyh9rdvgk-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26
dr-xr-xr-x 2 eelco users 4096 1970-01-01 01:00 lib
...
```
You can also give a Nix expression on the command line:
```console
$ nix-instantiate -E 'with import <nixpkgs> { }; hello'
/nix/store/j8s4zyv75a724q38cb0r87rlczaiag4y-hello-2.8.drv
```
This is equivalent to:
```console
$ nix-instantiate '<nixpkgs>' -A hello
```
Parsing and evaluating Nix expressions:
```console
$ nix-instantiate --parse -E '1 + 2'
1 + 2
```
```console
$ nix-instantiate --eval -E '1 + 2'
3
```
```console
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml -E '1 + 2'
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<expr>
<int value="3" />
</expr>
```
The difference between non-strict and strict evaluation:
```console
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml -E 'rec { x = "foo"; y = x; }'
...
<attr name="x">
<string value="foo" />
</attr>
<attr name="y">
<unevaluated />
</attr>
...
```
Note that `y` is left unevaluated (the XML representation doesnt
attempt to show non-normal forms).
```console
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml --strict -E 'rec { x = "foo"; y = x; }'
...
<attr name="x">
<string value="foo" />
</attr>
<attr name="y">
<string value="foo" />
</attr>
...
```

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@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
# Name
`nix-prefetch-url` - copy a file from a URL into the store and print its hash
# Synopsis
`nix-prefetch-url` *url* [*hash*]
[`--type` *hashAlgo*]
[`--print-path`]
[`--unpack`]
[`--name` *name*]
# Description
The command `nix-prefetch-url` downloads the file referenced by the URL
*url*, prints its cryptographic hash, and copies it into the Nix store.
The file name in the store is `hash-baseName`, where *baseName* is
everything following the final slash in *url*.
This command is just a convenience for Nix expression writers. Often a
Nix expression fetches some source distribution from the network using
the `fetchurl` expression contained in Nixpkgs. However, `fetchurl`
requires a cryptographic hash. If you don't know the hash, you would
have to download the file first, and then `fetchurl` would download it
again when you build your Nix expression. Since `fetchurl` uses the same
name for the downloaded file as `nix-prefetch-url`, the redundant
download can be avoided.
If *hash* is specified, then a download is not performed if the Nix
store already contains a file with the same hash and base name.
Otherwise, the file is downloaded, and an error is signaled if the
actual hash of the file does not match the specified hash.
This command prints the hash on standard output. Additionally, if the
option `--print-path` is used, the path of the downloaded file in the
Nix store is also printed.
# Options
- `--type` *hashAlgo*\
Use the specified cryptographic hash algorithm, which can be one of
`md5`, `sha1`, `sha256`, and `sha512`.
- `--print-path`\
Print the store path of the downloaded file on standard output.
- `--unpack`\
Unpack the archive (which must be a tarball or zip file) and add the
result to the Nix store. The resulting hash can be used with
functions such as Nixpkgss `fetchzip` or `fetchFromGitHub`.
- `--executable`\
Set the executable bit on the downloaded file.
- `--name` *name*\
Override the name of the file in the Nix store. By default, this is
`hash-basename`, where *basename* is the last component of *url*.
Overriding the name is necessary when *basename* contains characters
that are not allowed in Nix store paths.
# Examples
```console
$ nix-prefetch-url ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i
```
```console
$ nix-prefetch-url --print-path mirror://gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i
/nix/store/3x7dwzq014bblazs7kq20p9hyzz0qh8g-hello-2.10.tar.gz
```
```console
$ nix-prefetch-url --unpack --print-path https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf/archive/0.8.tar.gz
079agjlv0hrv7fxnx9ngipx14gyncbkllxrp9cccnh3a50fxcmy7
/nix/store/19zrmhm3m40xxaw81c8cqm6aljgrnwj2-0.8.tar.gz
```

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@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
# Name
`nix-shell` - start an interactive shell based on a Nix expression
# Synopsis
`nix-shell`
[`--arg` *name* *value*]
[`--argstr` *name* *value*]
[{`--attr` | `-A`} *attrPath*]
[`--command` *cmd*]
[`--run` *cmd*]
[`--exclude` *regexp*]
[--pure]
[--keep *name*]
{{`--packages` | `-p`} {*packages* | *expressions*} … | [*path*]}
# Description
The command `nix-shell` will build the dependencies of the specified
derivation, but not the derivation itself. It will then start an
interactive shell in which all environment variables defined by the
derivation *path* have been set to their corresponding values, and the
script `$stdenv/setup` has been sourced. This is useful for reproducing
the environment of a derivation for development.
If *path* is not given, `nix-shell` defaults to `shell.nix` if it
exists, and `default.nix` otherwise.
If *path* starts with `http://` or `https://`, it is interpreted as the
URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary
location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory
containing at least a file named `default.nix`.
If the derivation defines the variable `shellHook`, it will be run
after `$stdenv/setup` has been sourced. Since this hook is not executed
by regular Nix builds, it allows you to perform initialisation specific
to `nix-shell`. For example, the derivation attribute
```nix
shellHook =
''
echo "Hello shell"
export SOME_API_TOKEN="$(cat ~/.config/some-app/api-token)"
'';
```
will cause `nix-shell` to print `Hello shell` and set the `SOME_API_TOKEN`
environment variable to a user-configured value.
# Options
All options not listed here are passed to `nix-store
--realise`, except for `--arg` and `--attr` / `-A` which are passed to
`nix-instantiate`.
- `--command` *cmd*\
In the environment of the derivation, run the shell command *cmd*.
This command is executed in an interactive shell. (Use `--run` to
use a non-interactive shell instead.) However, a call to `exit` is
implicitly added to the command, so the shell will exit after
running the command. To prevent this, add `return` at the end;
e.g. `--command "echo Hello; return"` will print `Hello` and then
drop you into the interactive shell. This can be useful for doing
any additional initialisation.
- `--run` *cmd*\
Like `--command`, but executes the command in a non-interactive
shell. This means (among other things) that if you hit Ctrl-C while
the command is running, the shell exits.
- `--exclude` *regexp*\
Do not build any dependencies whose store path matches the regular
expression *regexp*. This option may be specified multiple times.
- `--pure`\
If this flag is specified, the environment is almost entirely
cleared before the interactive shell is started, so you get an
environment that more closely corresponds to the “real” Nix build. A
few variables, in particular `HOME`, `USER` and `DISPLAY`, are
retained.
- `--packages` / `-p` *packages*…\
Set up an environment in which the specified packages are present.
The command line arguments are interpreted as attribute names inside
the Nix Packages collection. Thus, `nix-shell -p libjpeg openjdk`
will start a shell in which the packages denoted by the attribute
names `libjpeg` and `openjdk` are present.
- `-i` *interpreter*\
The chained script interpreter to be invoked by `nix-shell`. Only
applicable in `#!`-scripts (described below).
- `--keep` *name*\
When a `--pure` shell is started, keep the listed environment
variables.
The following common options are supported:
# Environment variables
- `NIX_BUILD_SHELL`\
Shell used to start the interactive environment. Defaults to the
`bash` found in `PATH`.
# Examples
To build the dependencies of the package Pan, and start an interactive
shell in which to build it:
```console
$ nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' -A pan
[nix-shell]$ unpackPhase
[nix-shell]$ cd pan-*
[nix-shell]$ configurePhase
[nix-shell]$ buildPhase
[nix-shell]$ ./pan/gui/pan
```
To clear the environment first, and do some additional automatic
initialisation of the interactive shell:
```console
$ nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' -A pan --pure \
--command 'export NIX_DEBUG=1; export NIX_CORES=8; return'
```
Nix expressions can also be given on the command line using the `-E` and
`-p` flags. For instance, the following starts a shell containing the
packages `sqlite` and `libX11`:
```console
$ nix-shell -E 'with import <nixpkgs> { }; runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ sqlite xorg.libX11 ]; } ""'
```
A shorter way to do the same is:
```console
$ nix-shell -p sqlite xorg.libX11
[nix-shell]$ echo $NIX_LDFLAGS
… -L/nix/store/j1zg5v…-sqlite-3.8.0.2/lib -L/nix/store/0gmcz9…-libX11-1.6.1/lib …
```
Note that `-p` accepts multiple full nix expressions that are valid in
the `buildInputs = [ ... ]` shown above, not only package names. So the
following is also legal:
```console
$ nix-shell -p sqlite 'git.override { withManual = false; }'
```
The `-p` flag looks up Nixpkgs in the Nix search path. You can override
it by passing `-I` or setting `NIX_PATH`. For example, the following
gives you a shell containing the Pan package from a specific revision of
Nixpkgs:
```console
$ nix-shell -p pan -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/8a3eea054838b55aca962c3fbde9c83c102b8bf2.tar.gz
[nix-shell:~]$ pan --version
Pan 0.139
```
# Use as a `#!`-interpreter
You can use `nix-shell` as a script interpreter to allow scripts written
in arbitrary languages to obtain their own dependencies via Nix. This is
done by starting the script with the following lines:
```bash
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i real-interpreter -p packages
```
where *real-interpreter* is the “real” script interpreter that will be
invoked by `nix-shell` after it has obtained the dependencies and
initialised the environment, and *packages* are the attribute names of
the dependencies in Nixpkgs.
The lines starting with `#! nix-shell` specify `nix-shell` options (see
above). Note that you cannot write `#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell -i ...`
because many operating systems only allow one argument in `#!` lines.
For example, here is a Python script that depends on Python and the
`prettytable` package:
```python
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i python -p python pythonPackages.prettytable
import prettytable
# Print a simple table.
t = prettytable.PrettyTable(["N", "N^2"])
for n in range(1, 10): t.add_row([n, n * n])
print t
```
Similarly, the following is a Perl script that specifies that it
requires Perl and the `HTML::TokeParser::Simple` and `LWP` packages:
```perl
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i perl -p perl perlPackages.HTMLTokeParserSimple perlPackages.LWP
use HTML::TokeParser::Simple;
# Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
my $p = HTML::TokeParser::Simple->new(url => 'http://nixos.org/');
while (my $token = $p->get_tag("a")) {
my $href = $token->get_attr("href");
print "$href\n" if $href;
}
```
Sometimes you need to pass a simple Nix expression to customize a
package like Terraform:
```bash
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i bash -p "terraform.withPlugins (plugins: [ plugins.openstack ])"
terraform apply
```
> **Note**
>
> You must use double quotes (`"`) when passing a simple Nix expression
> in a nix-shell shebang.
Finally, using the merging of multiple nix-shell shebangs the following
Haskell script uses a specific branch of Nixpkgs/NixOS (the 20.03 stable
branch):
```haskell
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i runghc -p "haskellPackages.ghcWithPackages (ps: [ps.download-curl ps.tagsoup])"
#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-20.03.tar.gz
import Network.Curl.Download
import Text.HTML.TagSoup
import Data.Either
import Data.ByteString.Char8 (unpack)
-- Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
main = do
resp <- openURI "https://nixos.org/"
let tags = filter (isTagOpenName "a") $ parseTags $ unpack $ fromRight undefined resp
let tags' = map (fromAttrib "href") tags
mapM_ putStrLn $ filter (/= "") tags'
```
If you want to be even more precise, you can specify a specific revision
of Nixpkgs:
#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/0672315759b3e15e2121365f067c1c8c56bb4722.tar.gz
The examples above all used `-p` to get dependencies from Nixpkgs. You
can also use a Nix expression to build your own dependencies. For
example, the Python example could have been written as:
```python
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell deps.nix -i python
```
where the file `deps.nix` in the same directory as the `#!`-script
contains:
```nix
with import <nixpkgs> {};
runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ python pythonPackages.prettytable ]; } ""
```

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@@ -1,833 +0,0 @@
# Name
`nix-store` - manipulate or query the Nix store
# Synopsis
`nix-store` *operation* [*options…*] [*arguments…*]
[`--option` *name* *value*]
[`--add-root` *path*]
# Description
The command `nix-store` performs primitive operations on the Nix store.
You generally do not need to run this command manually.
`nix-store` takes exactly one *operation* flag which indicates the
subcommand to be performed. These are documented below.
# Common options
This section lists the options that are common to all operations. These
options are allowed for every subcommand, though they may not always
have an effect.
- `--add-root` *path*\
Causes the result of a realisation (`--realise` and
`--force-realise`) to be registered as a root of the garbage
collector. *path* will be created as a symlink to the resulting
store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to *path* will
be created in `/nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/`. For instance,
```console
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result -r ...
$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result
$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when `/home/eelco/bla/result` is removed, the GC root in the
`auto` directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by
the collector.
> **Warning**
>
> Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since
> the symlink in the `auto` directory will still point to the old
> location.
If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be
created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one
(e.g., `foo`, `foo-2`, `foo-3`, and so on).
# Operation `--realise`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` {`--realise` | `-r`} *paths…* [`--dry-run`]
## Description
The operation `--realise` essentially “builds” the specified store
paths. Realisation is a somewhat overloaded term:
- If the store path is a *derivation*, realisation ensures that the
output paths of the derivation are [valid](../glossary.md) (i.e.,
the output path and its closure exist in the file system). This
can be done in several ways. First, it is possible that the
outputs are already valid, in which case we are done
immediately. Otherwise, there may be [substitutes](../glossary.md)
that produce the outputs (e.g., by downloading them). Finally, the
outputs can be produced by performing the build action described
by the derivation.
- If the store path is not a derivation, realisation ensures that the
specified path is valid (i.e., it and its closure exist in the file
system). If the path is already valid, we are done immediately.
Otherwise, the path and any missing paths in its closure may be
produced through substitutes. If there are no (successful)
substitutes, realisation fails.
The output path of each derivation is printed on standard output. (For
non-derivations argument, the argument itself is printed.)
The following flags are available:
- `--dry-run`\
Print on standard error a description of what packages would be
built or downloaded, without actually performing the operation.
- `--ignore-unknown`\
If a non-derivation path does not have a substitute, then silently
ignore it.
- `--check`\
This option allows you to check whether a derivation is
deterministic. It rebuilds the specified derivation and checks
whether the result is bitwise-identical with the existing outputs,
printing an error if thats not the case. The outputs of the
specified derivation must already exist. When used with `-K`, if an
output path is not identical to the corresponding output from the
previous build, the new output path is left in
`/nix/store/name.check.`
See also the `build-repeat` configuration option, which repeats a
derivation a number of times and prevents its outputs from being
registered as “valid” in the Nix store unless they are identical.
Special exit codes:
- `100`\
Generic build failure, the builder process returned with a non-zero
exit code.
- `101`\
Build timeout, the build was aborted because it did not complete
within the specified `timeout`.
- `102`\
Hash mismatch, the build output was rejected because it does not
match the [`outputHash` attribute of the
derivation](../expressions/advanced-attributes.md).
- `104`\
Not deterministic, the build succeeded in check mode but the
resulting output is not binary reproducable.
With the `--keep-going` flag it's possible for multiple failures to
occur, in this case the 1xx status codes are or combined using binary
or.
1100100
^^^^
|||`- timeout
||`-- output hash mismatch
|`--- build failure
`---- not deterministic
## Examples
This operation is typically used to build store derivations produced by
[`nix-instantiate`](nix-instantiate.md):
```console
$ nix-store -r $(nix-instantiate ./test.nix)
/nix/store/31axcgrlbfsxzmfff1gyj1bf62hvkby2-aterm-2.3.1
```
This is essentially what [`nix-build`](nix-build.md) does.
To test whether a previously-built derivation is deterministic:
```console
$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A hello --check -K
```
# Operation `--serve`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--serve` [`--write`]
## Description
The operation `--serve` provides access to the Nix store over stdin and
stdout, and is intended to be used as a means of providing Nix store
access to a restricted ssh user.
The following flags are available:
- `--write`\
Allow the connected client to request the realization of
derivations. In effect, this can be used to make the host act as a
remote builder.
## Examples
To turn a host into a build server, the `authorized_keys` file can be
used to provide build access to a given SSH public key:
```console
$ cat <<EOF >>/root/.ssh/authorized_keys
command="nice -n20 nix-store --serve --write" ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAA...
EOF
```
# Operation `--gc`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--gc` [`--print-roots` | `--print-live` | `--print-dead`] [`--max-freed` *bytes*]
## Description
Without additional flags, the operation `--gc` performs a garbage
collection on the Nix store. That is, all paths in the Nix store not
reachable via file system references from a set of “roots”, are deleted.
The following suboperations may be specified:
- `--print-roots`\
This operation prints on standard output the set of roots used by
the garbage collector.
- `--print-live`\
This operation prints on standard output the set of “live” store
paths, which are all the store paths reachable from the roots. Live
paths should never be deleted, since that would break consistency —
it would become possible that applications are installed that
reference things that are no longer present in the store.
- `--print-dead`\
This operation prints out on standard output the set of “dead” store
paths, which is just the opposite of the set of live paths: any path
in the store that is not live (with respect to the roots) is dead.
By default, all unreachable paths are deleted. The following options
control what gets deleted and in what order:
- `--max-freed` *bytes*\
Keep deleting paths until at least *bytes* bytes have been deleted,
then stop. The argument *bytes* can be followed by the
multiplicative suffix `K`, `M`, `G` or `T`, denoting KiB, MiB, GiB
or TiB units.
The behaviour of the collector is also influenced by the
`keep-outputs` and `keep-derivations` settings in the Nix
configuration file.
By default, the collector prints the total number of freed bytes when it
finishes (or when it is interrupted). With `--print-dead`, it prints the
number of bytes that would be freed.
## Examples
To delete all unreachable paths, just do:
```console
$ nix-store --gc
deleting `/nix/store/kq82idx6g0nyzsp2s14gfsc38npai7lf-cairo-1.0.4.tar.gz.drv'
...
8825586 bytes freed (8.42 MiB)
```
To delete at least 100 MiBs of unreachable paths:
```console
$ nix-store --gc --max-freed $((100 * 1024 * 1024))
```
# Operation `--delete`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--delete` [`--ignore-liveness`] *paths…*
## Description
The operation `--delete` deletes the store paths *paths* from the Nix
store, but only if it is safe to do so; that is, when the path is not
reachable from a root of the garbage collector. This means that you can
only delete paths that would also be deleted by `nix-store --gc`. Thus,
`--delete` is a more targeted version of `--gc`.
With the option `--ignore-liveness`, reachability from the roots is
ignored. However, the path still wont be deleted if there are other
paths in the store that refer to it (i.e., depend on it).
## Example
```console
$ nix-store --delete /nix/store/zq0h41l75vlb4z45kzgjjmsjxvcv1qk7-mesa-6.4
0 bytes freed (0.00 MiB)
error: cannot delete path `/nix/store/zq0h41l75vlb4z45kzgjjmsjxvcv1qk7-mesa-6.4' since it is still alive
```
# Operation `--query`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` {`--query` | `-q`}
{`--outputs` | `--requisites` | `-R` | `--references` |
`--referrers` | `--referrers-closure` | `--deriver` | `-d` |
`--graph` | `--tree` | `--binding` *name* | `-b` *name* | `--hash` |
`--size` | `--roots`}
[`--use-output`] [`-u`] [`--force-realise`] [`-f`]
*paths…*
## Description
The operation `--query` displays various bits of information about the
store paths . The queries are described below. At most one query can be
specified. The default query is `--outputs`.
The paths *paths* may also be symlinks from outside of the Nix store, to
the Nix store. In that case, the query is applied to the target of the
symlink.
## Common query options
- `--use-output`; `-u`\
For each argument to the query that is a store derivation, apply the
query to the output path of the derivation instead.
- `--force-realise`; `-f`\
Realise each argument to the query first (see [`nix-store
--realise`](#operation---realise)).
## Queries
- `--outputs`\
Prints out the [output paths](../glossary.md) of the store
derivations *paths*. These are the paths that will be produced when
the derivation is built.
- `--requisites`; `-R`\
Prints out the [closure](../glossary.md) of the store path *paths*.
This query has one option:
- `--include-outputs`
Also include the output path of store derivations, and their
closures.
This query can be used to implement various kinds of deployment. A
*source deployment* is obtained by distributing the closure of a
store derivation. A *binary deployment* is obtained by distributing
the closure of an output path. A *cache deployment* (combined
source/binary deployment, including binaries of build-time-only
dependencies) is obtained by distributing the closure of a store
derivation and specifying the option `--include-outputs`.
- `--references`\
Prints the set of [references](../glossary.md) of the store paths
*paths*, that is, their immediate dependencies. (For *all*
dependencies, use `--requisites`.)
- `--referrers`\
Prints the set of *referrers* of the store paths *paths*, that is,
the store paths currently existing in the Nix store that refer to
one of *paths*. Note that contrary to the references, the set of
referrers is not constant; it can change as store paths are added or
removed.
- `--referrers-closure`\
Prints the closure of the set of store paths *paths* under the
referrers relation; that is, all store paths that directly or
indirectly refer to one of *paths*. These are all the path currently
in the Nix store that are dependent on *paths*.
- `--deriver`; `-d`\
Prints the [deriver](../glossary.md) of the store paths *paths*. If
the path has no deriver (e.g., if it is a source file), or if the
deriver is not known (e.g., in the case of a binary-only
deployment), the string `unknown-deriver` is printed.
- `--graph`\
Prints the references graph of the store paths *paths* in the format
of the `dot` tool of AT\&T's [Graphviz
package](http://www.graphviz.org/). This can be used to visualise
dependency graphs. To obtain a build-time dependency graph, apply
this to a store derivation. To obtain a runtime dependency graph,
apply it to an output path.
- `--tree`\
Prints the references graph of the store paths *paths* as a nested
ASCII tree. References are ordered by descending closure size; this
tends to flatten the tree, making it more readable. The query only
recurses into a store path when it is first encountered; this
prevents a blowup of the tree representation of the graph.
- `--graphml`\
Prints the references graph of the store paths *paths* in the
[GraphML](http://graphml.graphdrawing.org/) file format. This can be
used to visualise dependency graphs. To obtain a build-time
dependency graph, apply this to a store derivation. To obtain a
runtime dependency graph, apply it to an output path.
- `--binding` *name*; `-b` *name*\
Prints the value of the attribute *name* (i.e., environment
variable) of the store derivations *paths*. It is an error for a
derivation to not have the specified attribute.
- `--hash`\
Prints the SHA-256 hash of the contents of the store paths *paths*
(that is, the hash of the output of `nix-store --dump` on the given
paths). Since the hash is stored in the Nix database, this is a fast
operation.
- `--size`\
Prints the size in bytes of the contents of the store paths *paths*
— to be precise, the size of the output of `nix-store --dump` on
the given paths. Note that the actual disk space required by the
store paths may be higher, especially on filesystems with large
cluster sizes.
- `--roots`\
Prints the garbage collector roots that point, directly or
indirectly, at the store paths *paths*.
## Examples
Print the closure (runtime dependencies) of the `svn` program in the
current user environment:
```console
$ nix-store -qR $(which svn)
/nix/store/5mbglq5ldqld8sj57273aljwkfvj22mc-subversion-1.1.4
/nix/store/9lz9yc6zgmc0vlqmn2ipcpkjlmbi51vv-glibc-2.3.4
...
```
Print the build-time dependencies of `svn`:
```console
$ nix-store -qR $(nix-store -qd $(which svn))
/nix/store/02iizgn86m42q905rddvg4ja975bk2i4-grep-2.5.1.tar.bz2.drv
/nix/store/07a2bzxmzwz5hp58nf03pahrv2ygwgs3-gcc-wrapper.sh
/nix/store/0ma7c9wsbaxahwwl04gbw3fcd806ski4-glibc-2.3.4.drv
... lots of other paths ...
```
The difference with the previous example is that we ask the closure of
the derivation (`-qd`), not the closure of the output path that contains
`svn`.
Show the build-time dependencies as a tree:
```console
$ nix-store -q --tree $(nix-store -qd $(which svn))
/nix/store/7i5082kfb6yjbqdbiwdhhza0am2xvh6c-subversion-1.1.4.drv
+---/nix/store/d8afh10z72n8l1cr5w42366abiblgn54-builder.sh
+---/nix/store/fmzxmpjx2lh849ph0l36snfj9zdibw67-bash-3.0.drv
| +---/nix/store/570hmhmx3v57605cqg9yfvvyh0nnb8k8-bash
| +---/nix/store/p3srsbd8dx44v2pg6nbnszab5mcwx03v-builder.sh
...
```
Show all paths that depend on the same OpenSSL library as `svn`:
```console
$ nix-store -q --referrers $(nix-store -q --binding openssl $(nix-store -qd $(which svn)))
/nix/store/23ny9l9wixx21632y2wi4p585qhva1q8-sylpheed-1.0.0
/nix/store/5mbglq5ldqld8sj57273aljwkfvj22mc-subversion-1.1.4
/nix/store/dpmvp969yhdqs7lm2r1a3gng7pyq6vy4-subversion-1.1.3
/nix/store/l51240xqsgg8a7yrbqdx1rfzyv6l26fx-lynx-2.8.5
```
Show all paths that directly or indirectly depend on the Glibc (C
library) used by `svn`:
```console
$ nix-store -q --referrers-closure $(ldd $(which svn) | grep /libc.so | awk '{print $3}')
/nix/store/034a6h4vpz9kds5r6kzb9lhh81mscw43-libgnomeprintui-2.8.2
/nix/store/15l3yi0d45prm7a82pcrknxdh6nzmxza-gawk-3.1.4
...
```
Note that `ldd` is a command that prints out the dynamic libraries used
by an ELF executable.
Make a picture of the runtime dependency graph of the current user
environment:
```console
$ nix-store -q --graph ~/.nix-profile | dot -Tps > graph.ps
$ gv graph.ps
```
Show every garbage collector root that points to a store path that
depends on `svn`:
```console
$ nix-store -q --roots $(which svn)
/nix/var/nix/profiles/default-81-link
/nix/var/nix/profiles/default-82-link
/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/eelco/profile-97-link
```
# Operation `--add`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--add` *paths…*
## Description
The operation `--add` adds the specified paths to the Nix store. It
prints the resulting paths in the Nix store on standard output.
## Example
```console
$ nix-store --add ./foo.c
/nix/store/m7lrha58ph6rcnv109yzx1nk1cj7k7zf-foo.c
```
# Operation `--add-fixed`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--add-fixed` [`--recursive`] *algorithm* *paths…*
## Description
The operation `--add-fixed` adds the specified paths to the Nix store.
Unlike `--add` paths are registered using the specified hashing
algorithm, resulting in the same output path as a fixed-output
derivation. This can be used for sources that are not available from a
public url or broke since the download expression was written.
This operation has the following options:
- `--recursive`\
Use recursive instead of flat hashing mode, used when adding
directories to the store.
## Example
```console
$ nix-store --add-fixed sha256 ./hello-2.10.tar.gz
/nix/store/3x7dwzq014bblazs7kq20p9hyzz0qh8g-hello-2.10.tar.gz
```
# Operation `--verify`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--verify` [`--check-contents`] [`--repair`]
## Description
The operation `--verify` verifies the internal consistency of the Nix
database, and the consistency between the Nix database and the Nix
store. Any inconsistencies encountered are automatically repaired.
Inconsistencies are generally the result of the Nix store or database
being modified by non-Nix tools, or of bugs in Nix itself.
This operation has the following options:
- `--check-contents`\
Checks that the contents of every valid store path has not been
altered by computing a SHA-256 hash of the contents and comparing it
with the hash stored in the Nix database at build time. Paths that
have been modified are printed out. For large stores,
`--check-contents` is obviously quite slow.
- `--repair`\
If any valid path is missing from the store, or (if
`--check-contents` is given) the contents of a valid path has been
modified, then try to repair the path by redownloading it. See
`nix-store --repair-path` for details.
# Operation `--verify-path`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--verify-path` *paths…*
## Description
The operation `--verify-path` compares the contents of the given store
paths to their cryptographic hashes stored in Nixs database. For every
changed path, it prints a warning message. The exit status is 0 if no
path has changed, and 1 otherwise.
## Example
To verify the integrity of the `svn` command and all its dependencies:
```console
$ nix-store --verify-path $(nix-store -qR $(which svn))
```
# Operation `--repair-path`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--repair-path` *paths…*
## Description
The operation `--repair-path` attempts to “repair” the specified paths
by redownloading them using the available substituters. If no
substitutes are available, then repair is not possible.
> **Warning**
>
> During repair, there is a very small time window during which the old
> path (if it exists) is moved out of the way and replaced with the new
> path. If repair is interrupted in between, then the system may be left
> in a broken state (e.g., if the path contains a critical system
> component like the GNU C Library).
## Example
```console
$ nix-store --verify-path /nix/store/dj7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13
path `/nix/store/dj7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13' was modified!
expected hash `2db57715ae90b7e31ff1f2ecb8c12ec1cc43da920efcbe3b22763f36a1861588',
got `481c5aa5483ebc97c20457bb8bca24deea56550d3985cda0027f67fe54b808e4'
$ nix-store --repair-path /nix/store/dj7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13
fetching path `/nix/store/d7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13'...
```
# Operation `--dump`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--dump` *path*
## Description
The operation `--dump` produces a NAR (Nix ARchive) file containing the
contents of the file system tree rooted at *path*. The archive is
written to standard output.
A NAR archive is like a TAR or Zip archive, but it contains only the
information that Nix considers important. For instance, timestamps are
elided because all files in the Nix store have their timestamp set to 0
anyway. Likewise, all permissions are left out except for the execute
bit, because all files in the Nix store have 444 or 555 permission.
Also, a NAR archive is *canonical*, meaning that “equal” paths always
produce the same NAR archive. For instance, directory entries are
always sorted so that the actual on-disk order doesnt influence the
result. This means that the cryptographic hash of a NAR dump of a
path is usable as a fingerprint of the contents of the path. Indeed,
the hashes of store paths stored in Nixs database (see `nix-store -q
--hash`) are SHA-256 hashes of the NAR dump of each store path.
NAR archives support filenames of unlimited length and 64-bit file
sizes. They can contain regular files, directories, and symbolic links,
but not other types of files (such as device nodes).
A Nix archive can be unpacked using `nix-store
--restore`.
# Operation `--restore`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--restore` *path*
## Description
The operation `--restore` unpacks a NAR archive to *path*, which must
not already exist. The archive is read from standard input.
# Operation `--export`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--export` *paths…*
## Description
The operation `--export` writes a serialisation of the specified store
paths to standard output in a format that can be imported into another
Nix store with `nix-store --import`. This is like `nix-store
--dump`, except that the NAR archive produced by that command doesnt
contain the necessary meta-information to allow it to be imported into
another Nix store (namely, the set of references of the path).
This command does not produce a *closure* of the specified paths, so if
a store path references other store paths that are missing in the target
Nix store, the import will fail. To copy a whole closure, do something
like:
```console
$ nix-store --export $(nix-store -qR paths) > out
```
To import the whole closure again, run:
```console
$ nix-store --import < out
```
# Operation `--import`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--import`
## Description
The operation `--import` reads a serialisation of a set of store paths
produced by `nix-store --export` from standard input and adds those
store paths to the Nix store. Paths that already exist in the Nix store
are ignored. If a path refers to another path that doesnt exist in the
Nix store, the import fails.
# Operation `--optimise`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--optimise`
## Description
The operation `--optimise` reduces Nix store disk space usage by finding
identical files in the store and hard-linking them to each other. It
typically reduces the size of the store by something like 25-35%. Only
regular files and symlinks are hard-linked in this manner. Files are
considered identical when they have the same NAR archive serialisation:
that is, regular files must have the same contents and permission
(executable or non-executable), and symlinks must have the same
contents.
After completion, or when the command is interrupted, a report on the
achieved savings is printed on standard error.
Use `-vv` or `-vvv` to get some progress indication.
## Example
```console
$ nix-store --optimise
hashing files in `/nix/store/qhqx7l2f1kmwihc9bnxs7rc159hsxnf3-gcc-4.1.1'
...
541838819 bytes (516.74 MiB) freed by hard-linking 54143 files;
there are 114486 files with equal contents out of 215894 files in total
```
# Operation `--read-log`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` {`--read-log` | `-l`} *paths…*
## Description
The operation `--read-log` prints the build log of the specified store
paths on standard output. The build log is whatever the builder of a
derivation wrote to standard output and standard error. If a store path
is not a derivation, the deriver of the store path is used.
Build logs are kept in `/nix/var/log/nix/drvs`. However, there is no
guarantee that a build log is available for any particular store path.
For instance, if the path was downloaded as a pre-built binary through a
substitute, then the log is unavailable.
## Example
```console
$ nix-store -l $(which ktorrent)
building /nix/store/dhc73pvzpnzxhdgpimsd9sw39di66ph1-ktorrent-2.2.1
unpacking sources
unpacking source archive /nix/store/p8n1jpqs27mgkjw07pb5269717nzf5f8-ktorrent-2.2.1.tar.gz
ktorrent-2.2.1/
ktorrent-2.2.1/NEWS
...
```
# Operation `--dump-db`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--dump-db` [*paths…*]
## Description
The operation `--dump-db` writes a dump of the Nix database to standard
output. It can be loaded into an empty Nix store using `--load-db`. This
is useful for making backups and when migrating to different database
schemas.
By default, `--dump-db` will dump the entire Nix database. When one or
more store paths is passed, only the subset of the Nix database for
those store paths is dumped. As with `--export`, the user is responsible
for passing all the store paths for a closure. See `--export` for an
example.
# Operation `--load-db`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--load-db`
## Description
The operation `--load-db` reads a dump of the Nix database created by
`--dump-db` from standard input and loads it into the Nix database.
# Operation `--print-env`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--print-env` *drvpath*
## Description
The operation `--print-env` prints out the environment of a derivation
in a format that can be evaluated by a shell. The command line arguments
of the builder are placed in the variable `_args`.
## Example
```console
$ nix-store --print-env $(nix-instantiate '<nixpkgs>' -A firefox)
export src; src='/nix/store/plpj7qrwcz94z2psh6fchsi7s8yihc7k-firefox-12.0.source.tar.bz2'
export stdenv; stdenv='/nix/store/7c8asx3yfrg5dg1gzhzyq2236zfgibnn-stdenv'
export system; system='x86_64-linux'
export _args; _args='-e /nix/store/9krlzvny65gdc8s7kpb6lkx8cd02c25c-default-builder.sh'
```
# Operation `--generate-binary-cache-key`
## Synopsis
`nix-store` `--generate-binary-cache-key` *key-name* *secret-key-file* *public-key-file*
## Description
This command generates an [Ed25519 key pair](http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/)
that can be used to create a signed binary cache. It takes three
mandatory parameters:
1. A key name, such as `cache.example.org-1`, that is used to look up
keys on the client when it verifies signatures. It can be anything,
but its suggested to use the host name of your cache (e.g.
`cache.example.org`) with a suffix denoting the number of the key
(to be incremented every time you need to revoke a key).
2. The file name where the secret key is to be stored.
3. The file name where the public key is to be stored.

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@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
\--help
\--version
\--verbose
\-v
\--quiet
\--log-format
format
\--no-build-output
\-Q
\--max-jobs
\-j
number
\--cores
number
\--max-silent-time
number
\--timeout
number
\--keep-going
\-k
\--keep-failed
\-K
\--fallback
\--readonly-mode
\-I
path
\--option
name
value

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@@ -1,219 +0,0 @@
# Common Options
Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:
- `--help`\
Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
- `--version`\
Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
- `--verbose` / `-v`\
Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on
standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on
standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is
printed on standard error, never on standard output.
This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following
verbosity levels exist:
- 0\
“Errors only”: only print messages explaining why the Nix
invocation failed.
- 1\
“Informational”: print *useful* messages about what Nix is
doing. This is the default.
- 2\
“Talkative”: print more informational messages.
- 3\
“Chatty”: print even more informational messages.
- 4\
“Debug”: print debug information.
- 5\
“Vomit”: print vast amounts of debug information.
- `--quiet`\
Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on
standard error. This is the inverse option to `-v` / `--verbose`.
This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity
levels list.
- `--log-format` *format*\
This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with
*format* being one of:
- raw\
This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json\
Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
> **Warning**
>
> While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of
> the error-messages (namely of the `msg`-field) can change
> between releases.
- bar\
Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs\
Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
- `--no-build-output` / `-Q`\
By default, output written by builders to standard output and
standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This
option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard
output and error are always written to a log file in
`prefix/nix/var/log/nix`.
- `--max-jobs` / `-j` *number*\
Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in
parallel to the specified number. Specify `auto` to use the number
of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the `max-jobs`
configuration setting, which itself defaults to `1`. A higher
value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.
Setting it to `0` disallows building on the local machine, which is
useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
- `--cores`\
Sets the value of the `NIX_BUILD_CORES` environment variable in
the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at
their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For
instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute
`enableParallelBuilding` is set to `true`, the builder passes the
`-jN` flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the `cores`
configuration setting, if set, or `1` otherwise. The value `0`
means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the
system.
- `--max-silent-time`\
Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without
producing any data on standard output or standard error. The
default is specified by the `max-silent-time` configuration
setting. `0` means no time-out.
- `--timeout`\
Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The
default is specified by the `timeout` configuration setting. `0`
means no timeout.
- `--keep-going` / `-k`\
Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent
possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails,
Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation
itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except
for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in
case of parallel or distributed builds).
- `--keep-failed` / `-K`\
Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory
(usually in `/tmp`) in which the build takes place should not be
deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an
informational message.
- `--fallback`\
Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes
are known for each output path, but realising the output paths
through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.
The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have
registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from,
say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the
realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is
specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation
from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is
not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient
failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from
source (with the related consumption of resources).
- `--readonly-mode`\
When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix
database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those
operations will fail.
- `--arg` *name* *value*\
This option is accepted by `nix-env`, `nix-instantiate`,
`nix-shell` and `nix-build`. When evaluating Nix expressions, the
expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that
it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every
argument has a [default
value](../expressions/language-constructs.md#functions) (e.g.,
`{ argName ? defaultValue }: ...`). With `--arg`, you can also
call functions that have arguments without a default value (or
override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a
function with an argument named *name*, it will call it with value
*value*.
For instance, the top-level `default.nix` in Nixpkgs is actually a
function:
```nix
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
system ? builtins.currentSystem
...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do `nix-env -i
pkgname`), the function will be called automatically using the
value [`builtins.currentSystem`](../expressions/builtins.md) for
the `system` argument. You can override this using `--arg`, e.g.,
`nix-env -i pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\"`. (Note that
since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the
quotes.)
- `--argstr` *name* *value*\
This option is like `--arg`, only the value is not a Nix
expression but a string. So instead of `--arg system
\"i686-linux\"` (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you
can say `--argstr system i686-linux`.
- `--attr` / `-A` *attrPath*\
Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being
evaluated. (`nix-env`, `nix-instantiate`, `nix-build` and
`nix-shell` only.) The *attribute path* *attrPath* is a sequence
of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a
top-level Nix expression *e*, the attribute path `xorg.xorgserver`
would cause the expression `e.xorg.xorgserver` to be used. See
[`nix-env --install`](nix-env.md#operation---install) for some
concrete examples.
In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices.
For instance, the attribute path `foo.3.bar` selects the `bar`
attribute of the fourth element of the array in the `foo` attribute
of the top-level expression.
- `--expr` / `-E`\
Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to
be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix
expressions. (`nix-instantiate`, `nix-build` and `nix-shell` only.)
For `nix-shell`, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in
which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you
want to get a shell which contain the *built* packages ready for
use, give your expression to the `nix-shell -p` convenience flag
instead.
- `-I` *path*\
Add a path to the Nix expression search path. This option may be
given multiple times. See the `NIX_PATH` environment variable for
information on the semantics of the Nix search path. Paths added
through `-I` take precedence over `NIX_PATH`.
- `--option` *name* *value*\
Set the Nix configuration option *name* to *value*. This overrides
settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
- `--repair`\
Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding
them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a
cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of
the build. Also note the warning under `nix-store --repair-path`.

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@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
\--prebuilt-only
\-b
\--attr
\-A
\--from-expression
\-E
\--from-profile
path

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@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
# Utilities
This section lists utilities that you can use when you work with Nix.

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@@ -1,589 +0,0 @@
# CLI guideline
## Goals
Purpose of this document is to provide a clear direction to **help design
delightful command line** experience. This document contain guidelines to
follow to ensure a consistent and approachable user experience.
## Overview
`nix` command provides a single entry to a number of sub-commands that help
**developers and system administrators** in the life-cycle of a software
project. We particularly need to pay special attention to help and assist new
users of Nix.
# Naming the `COMMANDS`
Words matter. Naming is an important part of the usability. Users will be
interacting with Nix on a regular basis so we should **name things for ease of
understanding**.
We recommend following the [Principle of Least
Astonishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_astonishment).
This means that you should **never use acronyms or abbreviations** unless they
are commonly used in other tools (e.g. `nix init`). And if the command name is
too long (> 10-12 characters) then shortening it makes sense (e.g.
“prioritization” → “priority”).
Commands should **follow a noun-verb dialogue**. Although noun-verb formatting
seems backwards from a speaking perspective (i.e. `nix store copy` vs. `nix
copy store`) it allows us to organize commands the same way users think about
completing an action (the group first, then the command).
## Naming rules
Rules are there to guide you by limiting your options. But not everything can
fit the rules all the time. In those cases document the exceptions in [Appendix
1: Commands naming exceptions](#appendix-1-commands-naming-exceptions) and
provide reason. The rules want to force a Nix developer to look, not just at
the command at hand, but also the command in a full context alongside other
`nix` commands.
```shell
$ nix [<GROUP>] <COMMAND> [<ARGUMENTS>] [<OPTIONS>]
```
- `GROUP`, `COMMAND`, `ARGUMENTS` and `OPTIONS` should be lowercase and in a
singular form.
- `GROUP` should be a **NOUN**.
- `COMMAND` should be a **VERB**.
- `ARGUMENTS` and `OPTIONS` are discussed in [*Input* section](#input).
## Classification
Some commands are more important, some less. While we want all of our commands
to be perfect we can only spend limited amount of time testing and improving
them.
This classification tries to separate commands in 3 categories in terms of
their importance in regards to the new users. Users who are likely to be
impacted the most by bad user experience.
- **Main commands**
Commands used for our main use cases and most likely used by new users. We
expect attention to details, such as:
- Proper use of [colors](#colors), [emojis](#special-unicode-characters)
and [aligning of text](#text-alignment).
- [Autocomplete](#shell-completion) of options.
- Show [next possible steps](#next-steps).
- Showing some [“tips”](#educate-the-user) when running logs running tasks
(eg. building / downloading) in order to teach users interesting bits of
Nix ecosystem.
- [Help pages](#help-is-essential) to be as good as we can write them
pointing to external documentation and tutorials for more.
Examples of such commands: `nix init`, `nix develop`, `nix build`, `nix run`,
...
- **Infrequently used commands**
From infrequently used commands we expect less attention to details, but
still some:
- Proper use of [colors](#colors), [emojis](#special-unicode-characters)
and [aligning of text](#text-alignment).
- [Autocomplete](#shell-completion) of options.
Examples of such commands: `nix doctor`, `nix edit`, `nix eval`, ...
- **Utility and scripting commands**
Commands that expose certain internal functionality of `nix`, mostly used by
other scripts.
- [Autocomplete](#shell-completion) of options.
Examples of such commands: `nix store copy`, `nix hash base16`, `nix store
ping`, ...
# Help is essential
Help should be built into your command line so that new users can gradually
discover new features when they need them.
## Looking for help
Since there is no standard way how user will look for help we rely on ways help
is provided by commonly used tools. As a guide for this we took `git` and
whenever in doubt look at it as a preferred direction.
The rules are:
- Help is shown by using `--help` or `help` command (eg `nix` `--``help` or
`nix help`).
- For non-COMMANDs (eg. `nix` `--``help` and `nix store` `--``help`) we **show
a summary** of most common use cases. Summary is presented on the STDOUT
without any use of PAGER.
- For COMMANDs (eg. `nix init` `--``help` or `nix help init`) we display the
man page of that command. By default the PAGER is used (as in `git`).
- At the end of either summary or man page there should be an URL pointing to
an online version of more detailed documentation.
- The structure of summaries and man pages should be the same as in `git`.
## Anticipate where help is needed
Even better then requiring the user to search for help is to anticipate and
predict when user might need it. Either because the lack of discoverability,
typo in the input or simply taking the opportunity to teach the user of
interesting - but less visible - details.
### Shell completion
This type of help is most common and almost expected by users. We need to
**provide the best shell completion** for `bash`, `zsh` and `fish`.
Completion needs to be **context aware**, this mean when a user types:
```shell
$ nix build n<TAB>
```
we need to display a list of flakes starting with `n`.
### Wrong input
As we all know we humans make mistakes, all the time. When a typo - intentional
or unintentional - is made, we should prompt for closest possible options or
point to the documentation which would educate user to not make the same
errors. Here are few examples:
In first example we prompt the user for typing wrong command name:
```shell
$ nix int
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Error! Command `int` not found.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Did you mean:
|> nix init
|> nix input
```
Sometimes users will make mistake either because of a typo or simply because of
lack of discoverability. Our handling of this cases needs to be context
sensitive.
```shell
$ nix init --template=template#pyton
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Error! Template `template#pyton` not found.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initializing Nix project at `/path/to/here`.
Select a template for you new project:
|> template#pyton
template#python-pip
template#python-poetry
```
### Next steps
It can be invaluable to newcomers to show what a possible next steps and what
is the usual development workflow with Nix. For example:
```shell
$ nix init --template=template#python
Initializing project `template#python`
in `/home/USER/dev/new-project`
Next steps
|> nix develop -- to enter development environment
|> nix build -- to build your project
```
### Educate the user
We should take any opportunity to **educate users**, but at the same time we
must **be very very careful to not annoy users**. There is a thin line between
being helpful and being annoying.
An example of educating users might be to provide *Tips* in places where they
are waiting.
```shell
$ nix build
Started building my-project 1.2.3
Downloaded python3.8-poetry 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
Downloaded python3.8-requests 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Press `v` to increase logs verbosity
|> `?` to see other options
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Learn something new with every build...
|> See last logs of a build with `nix log --last` command.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evaluated my-project 1.2.3 in 14.43 seconds
Downloading [12 / 200]
|> firefox 1.2.3 [#########> ] 10Mb/s | 2min left
Building [2 / 20]
|> glibc 1.2.3 -> buildPhase: <last log line>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
```
Now **Learn** part of the output is where you educate users. You should only
show it when you know that a build will take some time and not annoy users of
the builds that take only few seconds.
Every feature like this should go though a intensive review and testing to
collect as much a feedback as possible and to fine tune every little detail. If
done right this can be an awesome features beginners and advance users will
love, but if not done perfectly it will annoy users and leave bad impression.
# Input
Input to a command is provided via `ARGUMENTS` and `OPTIONS`.
`ARGUMENTS` represent a required input for a function. When choosing to use
`ARGUMENT` over function please be aware of the downsides that come with it:
- User will need to remember the order of `ARGUMENTS`. This is not a problem if
there is only one `ARGUMENT`.
- With `OPTIONS` it is possible to provide much better auto completion.
- With `OPTIONS` it is possible to provide much better error message.
- Using `OPTIONS` it will mean there is a little bit more typing.
We dont discourage the use of `ARGUMENTS`, but simply want to make every
developer consider the downsides and choose wisely.
## Naming the `OPTIONS`
Then only naming convention - apart from the ones mentioned in Naming the
`COMMANDS` section is how flags are named.
Flags are a type of `OPTION` that represent an option that can be turned ON of
OFF. We can say **flags are boolean type of** `**OPTION**`.
Here are few examples of flag `OPTIONS`:
- `--colors` vs. `--no-colors` (showing colors in the output)
- `--emojis` vs. `--no-emojis` (showing emojis in the output)
## Prompt when input not provided
For *main commands* (as [per classification](#classification)) we want command
to improve the discoverability of possible input. A new user will most likely
not know which `ARGUMENTS` and `OPTIONS` are required or which values are
possible for those options.
In cases, the user might not provide the input or they provide wrong input,
rather then show the error, prompt a user with an option to find and select
correct input (see examples).
Prompting is of course not required when TTY is not attached to STDIN. This
would mean that scripts wont need to handle prompt, but rather handle errors.
A place to use prompt and provide user with interactive select
```shell
$ nix init
Initializing Nix project at `/path/to/here`.
Select a template for you new project:
|> py
template#python-pip
template#python-poetry
[ Showing 2 templates from 1345 templates ]
```
Another great place to add prompts are **confirmation dialogues for dangerous
actions**. For example when adding new substitutor via `OPTIONS` or via
`flake.nix` we should prompt - for the first time - and let user review what is
going to happen.
```shell
$ nix build --option substitutors https://cache.example.org
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Warning! A security related question need to be answered.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following substitutors will be used to in `my-project`:
- https://cache.example.org
Do you allow `my-project` to use above mentioned substitutors?
[y/N] |> y
```
# Output
Terminal output can be quite limiting in many ways. Which should forces us to
think about the experience even more. As with every design the output is a
compromise between being terse and being verbose, between showing help to
beginners and annoying advance users. For this it is important that we know
what are the priorities.
Nix command line should be first and foremost written with beginners in mind.
But users wont stay beginners for long and what was once useful might quickly
become annoying. There is no golden rule that we can give in this guideline
that would make it easier how to draw a line and find best compromise.
What we would encourage is to **build prototypes**, do some **user testing**
and collect **feedback**. Then repeat the cycle few times.
First design the *happy path* and only after your iron it out, continue to work
on **edge cases** (handling and displaying errors, changes of the output by
certain `OPTIONS`, etc…)
## Follow best practices
Needless to say we Nix must be a good citizen and follow best practices in
command line.
In short: **STDOUT is for output, STDERR is for (human) messaging.**
STDOUT and STDERR provide a way for you to output messages to the user while
also allowing them to redirect content to a file. For example:
```shell
$ nix build > build.txt
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Error! Atrribute `bin` missing at (1:94) from string.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1| with import <nixpkgs> { }; (pkgs.runCommandCC or pkgs.runCommand) "shell" { buildInputs = [ (surge.bin) ]; } ""
```
Because this warning is on STDERR, it doesnt end up in the file.
But not everything on STDERR is an error though. For example, you can run `nix
build` and collect logs in a file while still seeing the progress.
```
$ nix build > build.txt
Evaluated 1234 files in 1.2 seconds
Downloaded python3.8-poetry 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
Downloaded python3.8-requests 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Press `v` to increase logs verbosity
|> `?` to see other options
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Learn something new with every build...
|> See last logs of a build with `nix log --last` command.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evaluated my-project 1.2.3 in 14.43 seconds
Downloading [12 / 200]
|> firefox 1.2.3 [#########> ] 10Mb/s | 2min left
Building [2 / 20]
|> glibc 1.2.3 -> buildPhase: <last log line>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
```
## Errors (WIP)
**TODO**: Once we have implementation for the *happy path* then we will think
how to present errors.
## Not only for humans
Terse, machine-readable output formats can also be useful but shouldnt get in
the way of making beautiful CLI output. When needed, commands should offer a
`--json` flag to allow users to easily parse and script the CLI.
When TTY is not detected on STDOUT we should remove all design elements (no
colors, no emojis and using ASCII instead of Unicode symbols). The same should
happen when TTY is not detected on STDERR. We should not display progress /
status section, but only print warnings and errors.
## Dialog with the user
CLIs don't always make it clear when an action has taken place. For every
action a user performs, your CLI should provide an equal and appropriate
reaction, clearly highlighting the what just happened. For example:
```shell
$ nix build
Downloaded python3.8-poetry 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
Downloaded python3.8-requests 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
...
Success! You have successfully built my-project.
$
```
Above command clearly states that command successfully completed. And in case
of `nix build`, which is a command that might take some time to complete, it is
equally important to also show that a command started.
## Text alignment
Text alignment is the number one design element that will present all of the
Nix commands as a family and not as separate tools glued together.
The format we should follow is:
```shell
$ nix COMMAND
VERB_1 NOUN and other words
VERB__1 NOUN and other words
|> Some details
```
Few rules that we can extract from above example:
- Each line should start at least with one space.
- First word should be a VERB and must be aligned to the right.
- Second word should be a NOUN and must be aligned to the left.
- If you can not find a good VERB / NOUN pair, dont worry make it as
understandable to the user as possible.
- More details of each line can be provided by `|>` character which is serving
as the first word when aligning the text
Dont forget you should also test your terminal output with colors and emojis
off (`--no-colors --no-emojis`).
## Dim / Bright
After comparing few terminals with different color schemes we would **recommend
to avoid using dimmed text**. The difference from the rest of the text is very
little in many terminal and color scheme combinations. Sometimes the difference
is not even notable, therefore relying on it wouldnt make much sense.
**The bright text is much better supported** across terminals and color
schemes. Most of the time the difference is perceived as if the bright text
would be bold.
## Colors
Humans are already conditioned by society to attach certain meaning to certain
colors. While the meaning is not universal, a simple collection of colors is
used to represent basic emotions.
Colors that can be used in output
- Red = error, danger, stop
- Green = success, good
- Yellow/Orange = proceed with caution, warning, in progress
- Blue/Magenta = stability, calm
While colors are nice, when command line is used by machines (in automation
scripts) you want to remove the colors. There should be a global `--no-colors`
option that would remove the colors.
## Special (Unicode) characters
Most of the terminal have good support for Unicode characters and you should
use them in your output by default. But always have a backup solution that is
implemented only with ASCII characters and will be used when `--ascii` option
is going to be passed in. Please make sure that you test your output also
without Unicode characters
More they showing all the different Unicode characters it is important to
**establish common set of characters** that we use for certain situations.
## Emojis
Emojis help channel emotions even better than text, colors and special
characters.
We recommend **keeping the set of emojis to a minimum**. This will enable each
emoji to stand out more.
As not everybody is happy about emojis we should provide an `--no-emojis`
option to disable them. Please make sure that you test your output also without
emojis.
## Tables
All commands that are listing certain data can be implemented in some sort of a
table. Its important that each row of your output is a single entry of data.
Never output table borders. Its noisy and a huge pain for parsing using other
tools such as `grep`.
Be mindful of the screen width. Only show a few columns by default with the
table header, for more the table can be manipulated by the following options:
- `--no-headers`: Show column headers by default but allow to hide them.
- `--columns`: Comma-separated list of column names to add.
- `--sort`: Allow sorting by column. Allow inverse and multi-column sort as well.
## Interactive output
Interactive output was selected to be able to strike the balance between
beginners and advance users. While the default output will target beginners it
can, with a few key strokes, be changed into and advance introspection tool.
### Progress
For longer running commands we should provide and overview of the progress.
This is shown best in `nix build` example:
```shell
$ nix build
Started building my-project 1.2.3
Downloaded python3.8-poetry 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
Downloaded python3.8-requests 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Press `v` to increase logs verbosity
|> `?` to see other options
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Learn something new with every build...
|> See last logs of a build with `nix log --last` command.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evaluated my-project 1.2.3 in 14.43 seconds
Downloading [12 / 200]
|> firefox 1.2.3 [#########> ] 10Mb/s | 2min left
Building [2 / 20]
|> glibc 1.2.3 -> buildPhase: <last log line>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
```
### Search
Use a `fzf` like fuzzy search when there are multiple options to choose from.
```shell
$ nix init
Initializing Nix project at `/path/to/here`.
Select a template for you new project:
|> py
template#python-pip
template#python-poetry
[ Showing 2 templates from 1345 templates ]
```
### Prompt
In some situations we need to prompt the user and inform the user about what is
going to happen.
```shell
$ nix build --option substitutors https://cache.example.org
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Warning! A security related question need to be answered.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following substitutors will be used to in `my-project`:
- https://cache.example.org
Do you allow `my-project` to use above mentioned substitutors?
[y/N] |> y
```
## Verbosity
There are many ways that you can control verbosity.
Verbosity levels are:
- `ERROR` (level 0)
- `WARN` (level 1)
- `NOTICE` (level 2)
- `INFO` (level 3)
- `TALKATIVE` (level 4)
- `CHATTY` (level 5)
- `DEBUG` (level 6)
- `VOMIT` (level 7)
The default level that the command starts is `ERROR`. The simplest way to
increase the verbosity by stacking `-v` option (eg: `-vvv == level 3 == INFO`).
There are also two shortcuts, `--debug` to run in `DEBUG` verbosity level and
`--quiet` to run in `ERROR` verbosity level.
----------
# Appendix 1: Commands naming exceptions
`nix init` and `nix repl` are well established

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@@ -1 +0,0 @@
# Contributing

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@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
# Hacking
This section provides some notes on how to hack on Nix. To get the
latest version of Nix from GitHub:
```console
$ git clone https://github.com/NixOS/nix.git
$ cd nix
```
To build Nix for the current operating system/architecture use
```console
$ nix-build
```
or if you have a flake-enabled nix:
```console
$ nix build
```
This will build `defaultPackage` attribute defined in the `flake.nix`
file. To build for other platforms add one of the following suffixes to
it: aarch64-linux, i686-linux, x86\_64-darwin, x86\_64-linux. i.e.
```console
$ nix-build -A defaultPackage.x86_64-linux
```
To build all dependencies and start a shell in which all environment
variables are set up so that those dependencies can be found:
```console
$ nix-shell
```
To build Nix itself in this shell:
```console
[nix-shell]$ ./bootstrap.sh
[nix-shell]$ ./configure $configureFlags --prefix=$(pwd)/outputs/out
[nix-shell]$ make -j $NIX_BUILD_CORES
```
To install it in `$(pwd)/outputs` and test it:
```console
[nix-shell]$ make install
[nix-shell]$ make installcheck -j $NIX_BUILD_CORES
[nix-shell]$ ./outputs/out/bin/nix --version
nix (Nix) 3.0
```
To run a functional test:
```console
make tests/test-name-should-auto-complete.sh.test
```
To run the unit-tests for C++ code:
```
make check
```
If you have a flakes-enabled Nix you can replace:
```console
$ nix-shell
```
by:
```console
$ nix develop
```

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@@ -1,257 +0,0 @@
# Advanced Attributes
Derivations can declare some infrequently used optional attributes.
- `allowedReferences`\
The optional attribute `allowedReferences` specifies a list of legal
references (dependencies) of the output of the builder. For example,
```nix
allowedReferences = [];
```
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any runtime
dependencies on its inputs. To allow an output to have a runtime
dependency on itself, use `"out"` as a list item. This is used in
NixOS to check that generated files such as initial ramdisks for
booting Linux dont have accidental dependencies on other paths in
the Nix store.
- `allowedRequisites`\
This attribute is similar to `allowedReferences`, but it specifies
the legal requisites of the whole closure, so all the dependencies
recursively. For example,
```nix
allowedRequisites = [ foobar ];
```
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any other
runtime dependency than `foobar`, and in addition it enforces that
`foobar` itself doesn't introduce any other dependency itself.
- `disallowedReferences`\
The optional attribute `disallowedReferences` specifies a list of
illegal references (dependencies) of the output of the builder. For
example,
```nix
disallowedReferences = [ foo ];
```
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have a direct
runtime dependencies on the derivation `foo`.
- `disallowedRequisites`\
This attribute is similar to `disallowedReferences`, but it
specifies illegal requisites for the whole closure, so all the
dependencies recursively. For example,
```nix
disallowedRequisites = [ foobar ];
```
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any runtime
dependency on `foobar` or any other derivation depending recursively
on `foobar`.
- `exportReferencesGraph`\
This attribute allows builders access to the references graph of
their inputs. The attribute is a list of inputs in the Nix store
whose references graph the builder needs to know. The value of
this attribute should be a list of pairs `[ name1 path1 name2
path2 ... ]`. The references graph of each *pathN* will be stored
in a text file *nameN* in the temporary build directory. The text
files have the format used by `nix-store --register-validity`
(with the deriver fields left empty). For example, when the
following derivation is built:
```nix
derivation {
...
exportReferencesGraph = [ "libfoo-graph" libfoo ];
};
```
the references graph of `libfoo` is placed in the file
`libfoo-graph` in the temporary build directory.
`exportReferencesGraph` is useful for builders that want to do
something with the closure of a store path. Examples include the
builders in NixOS that generate the initial ramdisk for booting
Linux (a `cpio` archive containing the closure of the boot script)
and the ISO-9660 image for the installation CD (which is populated
with a Nix store containing the closure of a bootable NixOS
configuration).
- `impureEnvVars`\
This attribute allows you to specify a list of environment variables
that should be passed from the environment of the calling user to
the builder. Usually, the environment is cleared completely when the
builder is executed, but with this attribute you can allow specific
environment variables to be passed unmodified. For example,
`fetchurl` in Nixpkgs has the line
```nix
impureEnvVars = [ "http_proxy" "https_proxy" ... ];
```
to make it use the proxy server configuration specified by the user
in the environment variables `http_proxy` and friends.
This attribute is only allowed in *fixed-output derivations* (see
below), where impurities such as these are okay since (the hash
of) the output is known in advance. It is ignored for all other
derivations.
> **Warning**
>
> `impureEnvVars` implementation takes environment variables from
> the current builder process. When a daemon is building its
> environmental variables are used. Without the daemon, the
> environmental variables come from the environment of the
> `nix-build`.
- `outputHash`; `outputHashAlgo`; `outputHashMode`\
These attributes declare that the derivation is a so-called
*fixed-output derivation*, which means that a cryptographic hash of
the output is already known in advance. When the build of a
fixed-output derivation finishes, Nix computes the cryptographic
hash of the output and compares it to the hash declared with these
attributes. If there is a mismatch, the build fails.
The rationale for fixed-output derivations is derivations such as
those produced by the `fetchurl` function. This function downloads a
file from a given URL. To ensure that the downloaded file has not
been modified, the caller must also specify a cryptographic hash of
the file. For example,
```nix
fetchurl {
url = "http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
}
```
It sometimes happens that the URL of the file changes, e.g., because
servers are reorganised or no longer available. We then must update
the call to `fetchurl`, e.g.,
```nix
fetchurl {
url = "ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
}
```
If a `fetchurl` derivation was treated like a normal derivation, the
output paths of the derivation and *all derivations depending on it*
would change. For instance, if we were to change the URL of the
Glibc source distribution in Nixpkgs (a package on which almost all
other packages depend) massive rebuilds would be needed. This is
unfortunate for a change which we know cannot have a real effect as
it propagates upwards through the dependency graph.
For fixed-output derivations, on the other hand, the name of the
output path only depends on the `outputHash*` and `name` attributes,
while all other attributes are ignored for the purpose of computing
the output path. (The `name` attribute is included because it is
part of the path.)
As an example, here is the (simplified) Nix expression for
`fetchurl`:
```nix
{ stdenv, curl }: # The curl program is used for downloading.
{ url, sha256 }:
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = baseNameOf (toString url);
builder = ./builder.sh;
buildInputs = [ curl ];
# This is a fixed-output derivation; the output must be a regular
# file with SHA256 hash sha256.
outputHashMode = "flat";
outputHashAlgo = "sha256";
outputHash = sha256;
inherit url;
}
```
The `outputHashAlgo` attribute specifies the hash algorithm used to
compute the hash. It can currently be `"sha1"`, `"sha256"` or
`"sha512"`.
The `outputHashMode` attribute determines how the hash is computed.
It must be one of the following two values:
- `"flat"`\
The output must be a non-executable regular file. If it isnt,
the build fails. The hash is simply computed over the contents
of that file (so its equal to what Unix commands like
`sha256sum` or `sha1sum` produce).
This is the default.
- `"recursive"`\
The hash is computed over the NAR archive dump of the output
(i.e., the result of [`nix-store
--dump`](../command-ref/nix-store.md#operation---dump)). In
this case, the output can be anything, including a directory
tree.
The `outputHash` attribute, finally, must be a string containing
the hash in either hexadecimal or base-32 notation. (See the
[`nix-hash` command](../command-ref/nix-hash.md) for information
about converting to and from base-32 notation.)
- `__contentAddressed`
If this **experimental** attribute is set to true, then the derivation
outputs will be stored in a content-addressed location rather than the
traditional input-addressed one.
This only has an effect if the `ca-derivation` experimental feature is enabled.
Setting this attribute also requires setting `outputHashMode` and `outputHashAlgo` like for *fixed-output derivations* (see above).
- `passAsFile`\
A list of names of attributes that should be passed via files rather
than environment variables. For example, if you have
```nix
passAsFile = ["big"];
big = "a very long string";
```
then when the builder runs, the environment variable `bigPath`
will contain the absolute path to a temporary file containing `a
very long string`. That is, for any attribute *x* listed in
`passAsFile`, Nix will pass an environment variable `xPath`
holding the path of the file containing the value of attribute
*x*. This is useful when you need to pass large strings to a
builder, since most operating systems impose a limit on the size
of the environment (typically, a few hundred kilobyte).
- `preferLocalBuild`\
If this attribute is set to `true` and [distributed building is
enabled](../advanced-topics/distributed-builds.md), then, if
possible, the derivaton will be built locally instead of forwarded
to a remote machine. This is appropriate for trivial builders
where the cost of doing a download or remote build would exceed
the cost of building locally.
- `allowSubstitutes`\
If this attribute is set to `false`, then Nix will always build this
derivation; it will not try to substitute its outputs. This is
useful for very trivial derivations (such as `writeText` in Nixpkgs)
that are cheaper to build than to substitute from a binary cache.
> **Note**
>
> You need to have a builder configured which satisfies the
> derivations `system` attribute, since the derivation cannot be
> substituted. Thus it is usually a good idea to align `system` with
> `builtins.currentSystem` when setting `allowSubstitutes` to
> `false`. For most trivial derivations this should be the case.

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@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
# Arguments and Variables
The [Nix expression for GNU Hello](expression-syntax.md) is a
function; it is missing some arguments that have to be filled in
somewhere. In the Nix Packages collection this is done in the file
`pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix`, where all Nix expressions for
packages are imported and called with the appropriate arguments. Here
are some fragments of `all-packages.nix`, with annotations of what
they mean:
```nix
...
rec {
hello = import ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 {
inherit fetchurl stdenv perl;
};
perl = import ../development/interpreters/perl {
inherit fetchurl stdenv;
};
fetchurl = import ../build-support/fetchurl {
inherit stdenv; ...
};
stdenv = ...;
}
```
1. This file defines a set of attributes, all of which are concrete
derivations (i.e., not functions). In fact, we define a *mutually
recursive* set of attributes. That is, the attributes can refer to
each other. This is precisely what we want since we want to “plug”
the various packages into each other.
2. Here we *import* the Nix expression for GNU Hello. The import
operation just loads and returns the specified Nix expression. In
fact, we could just have put the contents of the Nix expression
for GNU Hello in `all-packages.nix` at this point. That would be
completely equivalent, but it would make `all-packages.nix` rather
bulky.
Note that we refer to `../applications/misc/hello/ex-1`, not
`../applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix`. When you try to
import a directory, Nix automatically appends `/default.nix` to the
file name.
3. This is where the actual composition takes place. Here we *call* the
function imported from `../applications/misc/hello/ex-1` with a set
containing the things that the function expects, namely `fetchurl`,
`stdenv`, and `perl`. We use inherit again to use the attributes
defined in the surrounding scope (we could also have written
`fetchurl = fetchurl;`, etc.).
The result of this function call is an actual derivation that can be
built by Nix (since when we fill in the arguments of the function,
what we get is its body, which is the call to `stdenv.mkDerivation`
in the [Nix expression for GNU Hello](expression-syntax.md)).
> **Note**
>
> Nixpkgs has a convenience function `callPackage` that imports and
> calls a function, filling in any missing arguments by passing the
> corresponding attribute from the Nixpkgs set, like this:
>
> ```nix
> hello = callPackage ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 { };
> ```
>
> If necessary, you can set or override arguments:
>
> ```nix
> hello = callPackage ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 { stdenv = myStdenv; };
> ```
4. Likewise, we have to instantiate Perl, `fetchurl`, and the standard
environment.

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@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
# Build Script
Here is the builder referenced from Hello's Nix expression (stored in
`pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/builder.sh`):
```bash
source $stdenv/setup ①
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH
tar xvfz $src
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out
make ⑤
make install
```
The builder can actually be made a lot shorter by using the *generic
builder* functions provided by `stdenv`, but here we write out the build
steps to elucidate what a builder does. It performs the following steps:
1. When Nix runs a builder, it initially completely clears the
environment (except for the attributes declared in the derivation).
This is done to prevent undeclared inputs from being used in the
build process. If for example the `PATH` contained `/usr/bin`, then
you might accidentally use `/usr/bin/gcc`.
So the first step is to set up the environment. This is done by
calling the `setup` script of the standard environment. The
environment variable `stdenv` points to the location of the
standard environment being used. (It wasn't specified explicitly
as an attribute in Hello's Nix expression, but `mkDerivation` adds
it automatically.)
2. Since Hello needs Perl, we have to make sure that Perl is in the
`PATH`. The `perl` environment variable points to the location of
the Perl package (since it was passed in as an attribute to the
derivation), so `$perl/bin` is the directory containing the Perl
interpreter.
3. Now we have to unpack the sources. The `src` attribute was bound to
the result of fetching the Hello source tarball from the network, so
the `src` environment variable points to the location in the Nix
store to which the tarball was downloaded. After unpacking, we `cd`
to the resulting source directory.
The whole build is performed in a temporary directory created in
`/tmp`, by the way. This directory is removed after the builder
finishes, so there is no need to clean up the sources afterwards.
Also, the temporary directory is always newly created, so you don't
have to worry about files from previous builds interfering with the
current build.
4. GNU Hello is a typical Autoconf-based package, so we first have to
run its `configure` script. In Nix every package is stored in a
separate location in the Nix store, for instance
`/nix/store/9a54ba97fb71b65fda531012d0443ce2-hello-2.1.1`. Nix
computes this path by cryptographically hashing all attributes of
the derivation. The path is passed to the builder through the `out`
environment variable. So here we give `configure` the parameter
`--prefix=$out` to cause Hello to be installed in the expected
location.
5. Finally we build Hello (`make`) and install it into the location
specified by `out` (`make install`).
If you are wondering about the absence of error checking on the result
of various commands called in the builder: this is because the shell
script is evaluated with Bash's `-e` option, which causes the script to
be aborted if any command fails without an error check.

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@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
# Built-in Constants
Here are the constants built into the Nix expression evaluator:
- `builtins`\
The set `builtins` contains all the built-in functions and values.
You can use `builtins` to test for the availability of features in
the Nix installation, e.g.,
```nix
if builtins ? getEnv then builtins.getEnv "PATH" else ""
```
This allows a Nix expression to fall back gracefully on older Nix
installations that dont have the desired built-in function.
- `builtins.currentSystem`\
The built-in value `currentSystem` evaluates to the Nix platform
identifier for the Nix installation on which the expression is being
evaluated, such as `"i686-linux"` or `"x86_64-darwin"`.

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@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
# Built-in Functions
This section lists the functions built into the Nix expression
evaluator. (The built-in function `derivation` is discussed above.)
Some built-ins, such as `derivation`, are always in scope of every Nix
expression; you can just access them right away. But to prevent
polluting the namespace too much, most built-ins are not in
scope. Instead, you can access them through the `builtins` built-in
value, which is a set that contains all built-in functions and values.
For instance, `derivation` is also available as `builtins.derivation`.
- `derivation` *attrs*; `builtins.derivation` *attrs*\
`derivation` is described in [its own section](derivations.md).

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@@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
# Derivations
The most important built-in function is `derivation`, which is used to
describe a single derivation (a build action). It takes as input a set,
the attributes of which specify the inputs of the build.
- There must be an attribute named `system` whose value must be a
string specifying a Nix system type, such as `"i686-linux"` or
`"x86_64-darwin"`. (To figure out your system type, run `nix -vv
--version`.) The build can only be performed on a machine and
operating system matching the system type. (Nix can automatically
[forward builds for other
platforms](../advanced-topics/distributed-builds.md) by forwarding
them to other machines.)
- There must be an attribute named `name` whose value must be a
string. This is used as a symbolic name for the package by
`nix-env`, and it is appended to the output paths of the derivation.
- There must be an attribute named `builder` that identifies the
program that is executed to perform the build. It can be either a
derivation or a source (a local file reference, e.g.,
`./builder.sh`).
- Every attribute is passed as an environment variable to the builder.
Attribute values are translated to environment variables as follows:
- Strings and numbers are just passed verbatim.
- A *path* (e.g., `../foo/sources.tar`) causes the referenced file
to be copied to the store; its location in the store is put in
the environment variable. The idea is that all sources should
reside in the Nix store, since all inputs to a derivation should
reside in the Nix store.
- A *derivation* causes that derivation to be built prior to the
present derivation; its default output path is put in the
environment variable.
- Lists of the previous types are also allowed. They are simply
concatenated, separated by spaces.
- `true` is passed as the string `1`, `false` and `null` are
passed as an empty string.
- The optional attribute `args` specifies command-line arguments to be
passed to the builder. It should be a list.
- The optional attribute `outputs` specifies a list of symbolic
outputs of the derivation. By default, a derivation produces a
single output path, denoted as `out`. However, derivations can
produce multiple output paths. This is useful because it allows
outputs to be downloaded or garbage-collected separately. For
instance, imagine a library package that provides a dynamic library,
header files, and documentation. A program that links against the
library doesnt need the header files and documentation at runtime,
and it doesnt need the documentation at build time. Thus, the
library package could specify:
```nix
outputs = [ "lib" "headers" "doc" ];
```
This will cause Nix to pass environment variables `lib`, `headers`
and `doc` to the builder containing the intended store paths of each
output. The builder would typically do something like
```bash
./configure \
--libdir=$lib/lib \
--includedir=$headers/include \
--docdir=$doc/share/doc
```
for an Autoconf-style package. You can refer to each output of a
derivation by selecting it as an attribute, e.g.
```nix
buildInputs = [ pkg.lib pkg.headers ];
```
The first element of `outputs` determines the *default output*.
Thus, you could also write
```nix
buildInputs = [ pkg pkg.headers ];
```
since `pkg` is equivalent to `pkg.lib`.
The function `mkDerivation` in the Nixpkgs standard environment is a
wrapper around `derivation` that adds a default value for `system` and
always uses Bash as the builder, to which the supplied builder is passed
as a command-line argument. See the Nixpkgs manual for details.
The builder is executed as follows:
- A temporary directory is created under the directory specified by
`TMPDIR` (default `/tmp`) where the build will take place. The
current directory is changed to this directory.
- The environment is cleared and set to the derivation attributes, as
specified above.
- In addition, the following variables are set:
- `NIX_BUILD_TOP` contains the path of the temporary directory for
this build.
- Also, `TMPDIR`, `TEMPDIR`, `TMP`, `TEMP` are set to point to the
temporary directory. This is to prevent the builder from
accidentally writing temporary files anywhere else. Doing so
might cause interference by other processes.
- `PATH` is set to `/path-not-set` to prevent shells from
initialising it to their built-in default value.
- `HOME` is set to `/homeless-shelter` to prevent programs from
using `/etc/passwd` or the like to find the user's home
directory, which could cause impurity. Usually, when `HOME` is
set, it is used as the location of the home directory, even if
it points to a non-existent path.
- `NIX_STORE` is set to the path of the top-level Nix store
directory (typically, `/nix/store`).
- For each output declared in `outputs`, the corresponding
environment variable is set to point to the intended path in the
Nix store for that output. Each output path is a concatenation
of the cryptographic hash of all build inputs, the `name`
attribute and the output name. (The output name is omitted if
its `out`.)
- If an output path already exists, it is removed. Also, locks are
acquired to prevent multiple Nix instances from performing the same
build at the same time.
- A log of the combined standard output and error is written to
`/nix/var/log/nix`.
- The builder is executed with the arguments specified by the
attribute `args`. If it exits with exit code 0, it is considered to
have succeeded.
- The temporary directory is removed (unless the `-K` option was
specified).
- If the build was successful, Nix scans each output path for
references to input paths by looking for the hash parts of the input
paths. Since these are potential runtime dependencies, Nix registers
them as dependencies of the output paths.
- After the build, Nix sets the last-modified timestamp on all files
in the build result to 1 (00:00:01 1/1/1970 UTC), sets the group to
the default group, and sets the mode of the file to 0444 or 0555
(i.e., read-only, with execute permission enabled if the file was
originally executable). Note that possible `setuid` and `setgid`
bits are cleared. Setuid and setgid programs are not currently
supported by Nix. This is because the Nix archives used in
deployment have no concept of ownership information, and because it
makes the build result dependent on the user performing the build.

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@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
# Nix Expression Language
The Nix expression language is a pure, lazy, functional language. Purity
means that operations in the language don't have side-effects (for
instance, there is no variable assignment). Laziness means that
arguments to functions are evaluated only when they are needed.
Functional means that functions are “normal” values that can be passed
around and manipulated in interesting ways. The language is not a
full-featured, general purpose language. Its main job is to describe
packages, compositions of packages, and the variability within packages.
This section presents the various features of the language.

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@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
# Expression Syntax
Here is a Nix expression for GNU Hello:
```nix
{ stdenv, fetchurl, perl }:
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = "hello-2.1.1";
builder = ./builder.sh;
src = fetchurl {
url = "ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
};
inherit perl;
}
```
This file is actually already in the Nix Packages collection in
`pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix`. It is customary to
place each package in a separate directory and call the single Nix
expression in that directory `default.nix`. The file has the following
elements (referenced from the figure by number):
1. This states that the expression is a *function* that expects to be
called with three arguments: `stdenv`, `fetchurl`, and `perl`. They
are needed to build Hello, but we don't know how to build them here;
that's why they are function arguments. `stdenv` is a package that
is used by almost all Nix Packages packages; it provides a
“standard” environment consisting of the things you would expect
in a basic Unix environment: a C/C++ compiler (GCC, to be precise),
the Bash shell, fundamental Unix tools such as `cp`, `grep`, `tar`,
etc. `fetchurl` is a function that downloads files. `perl` is the
Perl interpreter.
Nix functions generally have the form `{ x, y, ..., z }: e` where
`x`, `y`, etc. are the names of the expected arguments, and where
*e* is the body of the function. So here, the entire remainder of
the file is the body of the function; when given the required
arguments, the body should describe how to build an instance of
the Hello package.
2. So we have to build a package. Building something from other stuff
is called a *derivation* in Nix (as opposed to sources, which are
built by humans instead of computers). We perform a derivation by
calling `stdenv.mkDerivation`. `mkDerivation` is a function
provided by `stdenv` that builds a package from a set of
*attributes*. A set is just a list of key/value pairs where each
key is a string and each value is an arbitrary Nix
expression. They take the general form `{ name1 = expr1; ...
nameN = exprN; }`.
3. The attribute `name` specifies the symbolic name and version of
the package. Nix doesn't really care about these things, but they
are used by for instance `nix-env -q` to show a “human-readable”
name for packages. This attribute is required by `mkDerivation`.
4. The attribute `builder` specifies the builder. This attribute can
sometimes be omitted, in which case `mkDerivation` will fill in a
default builder (which does a `configure; make; make install`, in
essence). Hello is sufficiently simple that the default builder
would suffice, but in this case, we will show an actual builder
for educational purposes. The value `./builder.sh` refers to the
shell script shown in the [next section](build-script.md),
discussed below.
5. The builder has to know what the sources of the package are. Here,
the attribute `src` is bound to the result of a call to the
`fetchurl` function. Given a URL and a SHA-256 hash of the expected
contents of the file at that URL, this function builds a derivation
that downloads the file and checks its hash. So the sources are a
dependency that like all other dependencies is built before Hello
itself is built.
Instead of `src` any other name could have been used, and in fact
there can be any number of sources (bound to different attributes).
However, `src` is customary, and it's also expected by the default
builder (which we don't use in this example).
6. Since the derivation requires Perl, we have to pass the value of the
`perl` function argument to the builder. All attributes in the set
are actually passed as environment variables to the builder, so
declaring an attribute
```nix
perl = perl;
```
will do the trick: it binds an attribute `perl` to the function
argument which also happens to be called `perl`. However, it looks a
bit silly, so there is a shorter syntax. The `inherit` keyword
causes the specified attributes to be bound to whatever variables
with the same name happen to be in scope.

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@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
# Generic Builder Syntax
Recall that the [build script for GNU Hello](build-script.md) looked
something like this:
```bash
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH
tar xvfz $src
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out
make
make install
```
The builders for almost all Unix packages look like this — set up some
environment variables, unpack the sources, configure, build, and
install. For this reason the standard environment provides some Bash
functions that automate the build process. Here is what a builder using
the generic build facilities looks like:
```bash
buildInputs="$perl"
source $stdenv/setup ②
genericBuild ③
```
Here is what each line means:
1. The `buildInputs` variable tells `setup` to use the indicated
packages as “inputs”. This means that if a package provides a `bin`
subdirectory, it's added to `PATH`; if it has a `include`
subdirectory, it's added to GCC's header search path; and so on.
(This is implemented in a modular way: `setup` tries to source the
file `pkg/nix-support/setup-hook` of all dependencies. These “setup
hooks” can then set up whatever environment variables they want; for
instance, the setup hook for Perl sets the `PERL5LIB` environment
variable to contain the `lib/site_perl` directories of all inputs.)
2. The function `genericBuild` is defined in the file `$stdenv/setup`.
3. The final step calls the shell function `genericBuild`, which
performs the steps that were done explicitly in the previous build
script. The generic builder is smart enough to figure out whether
to unpack the sources using `gzip`, `bzip2`, etc. It can be
customised in many ways; see the Nixpkgs manual for details.
Discerning readers will note that the `buildInputs` could just as well
have been set in the Nix expression, like this:
```nix
buildInputs = [ perl ];
```
The `perl` attribute can then be removed, and the builder becomes even
shorter:
```bash
source $stdenv/setup
genericBuild
```
In fact, `mkDerivation` provides a default builder that looks exactly
like that, so it is actually possible to omit the builder for Hello
entirely.

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@@ -1,350 +0,0 @@
# Language Constructs
## Recursive sets
Recursive sets are just normal sets, but the attributes can refer to
each other. For example,
```nix
rec {
x = y;
y = 123;
}.x
```
evaluates to `123`. Note that without `rec` the binding `x = y;` would
refer to the variable `y` in the surrounding scope, if one exists, and
would be invalid if no such variable exists. That is, in a normal
(non-recursive) set, attributes are not added to the lexical scope; in a
recursive set, they are.
Recursive sets of course introduce the danger of infinite recursion. For
example, the expression
```nix
rec {
x = y;
y = x;
}.x
```
will crash with an `infinite recursion encountered` error message.
## Let-expressions
A let-expression allows you to define local variables for an expression.
For instance,
```nix
let
x = "foo";
y = "bar";
in x + y
```
evaluates to `"foobar"`.
## Inheriting attributes
When defining a set or in a let-expression it is often convenient to
copy variables from the surrounding lexical scope (e.g., when you want
to propagate attributes). This can be shortened using the `inherit`
keyword. For instance,
```nix
let x = 123; in
{ inherit x;
y = 456;
}
```
is equivalent to
```nix
let x = 123; in
{ x = x;
y = 456;
}
```
and both evaluate to `{ x = 123; y = 456; }`. (Note that this works
because `x` is added to the lexical scope by the `let` construct.) It is
also possible to inherit attributes from another set. For instance, in
this fragment from `all-packages.nix`,
```nix
graphviz = (import ../tools/graphics/graphviz) {
inherit fetchurl stdenv libpng libjpeg expat x11 yacc;
inherit (xlibs) libXaw;
};
xlibs = {
libX11 = ...;
libXaw = ...;
...
}
libpng = ...;
libjpg = ...;
...
```
the set used in the function call to the function defined in
`../tools/graphics/graphviz` inherits a number of variables from the
surrounding scope (`fetchurl` ... `yacc`), but also inherits `libXaw`
(the X Athena Widgets) from the `xlibs` (X11 client-side libraries) set.
Summarizing the fragment
```nix
...
inherit x y z;
inherit (src-set) a b c;
...
```
is equivalent to
```nix
...
x = x; y = y; z = z;
a = src-set.a; b = src-set.b; c = src-set.c;
...
```
when used while defining local variables in a let-expression or while
defining a set.
## Functions
Functions have the following form:
```nix
pattern: body
```
The pattern specifies what the argument of the function must look like,
and binds variables in the body to (parts of) the argument. There are
three kinds of patterns:
- If a pattern is a single identifier, then the function matches any
argument. Example:
```nix
let negate = x: !x;
concat = x: y: x + y;
in if negate true then concat "foo" "bar" else ""
```
Note that `concat` is a function that takes one argument and returns
a function that takes another argument. This allows partial
parameterisation (i.e., only filling some of the arguments of a
function); e.g.,
```nix
map (concat "foo") [ "bar" "bla" "abc" ]
```
evaluates to `[ "foobar" "foobla" "fooabc" ]`.
- A *set pattern* of the form `{ name1, name2, …, nameN }` matches a
set containing the listed attributes, and binds the values of those
attributes to variables in the function body. For example, the
function
```nix
{ x, y, z }: z + y + x
```
can only be called with a set containing exactly the attributes `x`,
`y` and `z`. No other attributes are allowed. If you want to allow
additional arguments, you can use an ellipsis (`...`):
```nix
{ x, y, z, ... }: z + y + x
```
This works on any set that contains at least the three named
attributes.
It is possible to provide *default values* for attributes, in
which case they are allowed to be missing. A default value is
specified by writing `name ? e`, where *e* is an arbitrary
expression. For example,
```nix
{ x, y ? "foo", z ? "bar" }: z + y + x
```
specifies a function that only requires an attribute named `x`, but
optionally accepts `y` and `z`.
- An `@`-pattern provides a means of referring to the whole value
being matched:
```nix
args@{ x, y, z, ... }: z + y + x + args.a
```
but can also be written as:
```nix
{ x, y, z, ... } @ args: z + y + x + args.a
```
Here `args` is bound to the entire argument, which is further
matched against the pattern `{ x, y, z,
... }`. `@`-pattern makes mainly sense with an ellipsis(`...`) as
you can access attribute names as `a`, using `args.a`, which was
given as an additional attribute to the function.
> **Warning**
>
> The `args@` expression is bound to the argument passed to the
> function which means that attributes with defaults that aren't
> explicitly specified in the function call won't cause an
> evaluation error, but won't exist in `args`.
>
> For instance
>
> ```nix
> let
> function = args@{ a ? 23, ... }: args;
> in
> function {}
> ````
>
> will evaluate to an empty attribute set.
Note that functions do not have names. If you want to give them a name,
you can bind them to an attribute, e.g.,
```nix
let concat = { x, y }: x + y;
in concat { x = "foo"; y = "bar"; }
```
## Conditionals
Conditionals look like this:
```nix
if e1 then e2 else e3
```
where *e1* is an expression that should evaluate to a Boolean value
(`true` or `false`).
## Assertions
Assertions are generally used to check that certain requirements on or
between features and dependencies hold. They look like this:
```nix
assert e1; e2
```
where *e1* is an expression that should evaluate to a Boolean value. If
it evaluates to `true`, *e2* is returned; otherwise expression
evaluation is aborted and a backtrace is printed.
Here is a Nix expression for the Subversion package that shows how
assertions can be used:.
```nix
{ localServer ? false
, httpServer ? false
, sslSupport ? false
, pythonBindings ? false
, javaSwigBindings ? false
, javahlBindings ? false
, stdenv, fetchurl
, openssl ? null, httpd ? null, db4 ? null, expat, swig ? null, j2sdk ? null
}:
assert localServer -> db4 != null; ①
assert httpServer -> httpd != null && httpd.expat == expat; ②
assert sslSupport -> openssl != null && (httpServer -> httpd.openssl == openssl); ③
assert pythonBindings -> swig != null && swig.pythonSupport;
assert javaSwigBindings -> swig != null && swig.javaSupport;
assert javahlBindings -> j2sdk != null;
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = "subversion-1.1.1";
...
openssl = if sslSupport then openssl else null; ④
...
}
```
The points of interest are:
1. This assertion states that if Subversion is to have support for
local repositories, then Berkeley DB is needed. So if the Subversion
function is called with the `localServer` argument set to `true` but
the `db4` argument set to `null`, then the evaluation fails.
2. This is a more subtle condition: if Subversion is built with Apache
(`httpServer`) support, then the Expat library (an XML library) used
by Subversion should be same as the one used by Apache. This is
because in this configuration Subversion code ends up being linked
with Apache code, and if the Expat libraries do not match, a build-
or runtime link error or incompatibility might occur.
3. This assertion says that in order for Subversion to have SSL support
(so that it can access `https` URLs), an OpenSSL library must be
passed. Additionally, it says that *if* Apache support is enabled,
then Apache's OpenSSL should match Subversion's. (Note that if
Apache support is not enabled, we don't care about Apache's
OpenSSL.)
4. The conditional here is not really related to assertions, but is
worth pointing out: it ensures that if SSL support is disabled, then
the Subversion derivation is not dependent on OpenSSL, even if a
non-`null` value was passed. This prevents an unnecessary rebuild of
Subversion if OpenSSL changes.
## With-expressions
A *with-expression*,
```nix
with e1; e2
```
introduces the set *e1* into the lexical scope of the expression *e2*.
For instance,
```nix
let as = { x = "foo"; y = "bar"; };
in with as; x + y
```
evaluates to `"foobar"` since the `with` adds the `x` and `y` attributes
of `as` to the lexical scope in the expression `x + y`. The most common
use of `with` is in conjunction with the `import` function. E.g.,
```nix
with (import ./definitions.nix); ...
```
makes all attributes defined in the file `definitions.nix` available as
if they were defined locally in a `let`-expression.
The bindings introduced by `with` do not shadow bindings introduced by
other means, e.g.
```nix
let a = 3; in with { a = 1; }; let a = 4; in with { a = 2; }; ...
```
establishes the same scope as
```nix
let a = 1; in let a = 2; in let a = 3; in let a = 4; in ...
```
## Comments
Comments can be single-line, started with a `#` character, or
inline/multi-line, enclosed within `/* ... */`.

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# Operators
The table below lists the operators in the Nix expression language, in
order of precedence (from strongest to weakest binding).
| Name | Syntax | Associativity | Description | Precedence |
| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------- | ------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------- |
| Select | *e* `.` *attrpath* \[ `or` *def* \] | none | Select attribute denoted by the attribute path *attrpath* from set *e*. (An attribute path is a dot-separated list of attribute names.) If the attribute doesnt exist, return *def* if provided, otherwise abort evaluation. | 1 |
| Application | *e1* *e2* | left | Call function *e1* with argument *e2*. | 2 |
| Arithmetic Negation | `-` *e* | none | Arithmetic negation. | 3 |
| Has Attribute | *e* `?` *attrpath* | none | Test whether set *e* contains the attribute denoted by *attrpath*; return `true` or `false`. | 4 |
| List Concatenation | *e1* `++` *e2* | right | List concatenation. | 5 |
| Multiplication | *e1* `*` *e2*, | left | Arithmetic multiplication. | 6 |
| Division | *e1* `/` *e2* | left | Arithmetic division. | 6 |
| Addition | *e1* `+` *e2* | left | Arithmetic addition. | 7 |
| Subtraction | *e1* `-` *e2* | left | Arithmetic subtraction. | 7 |
| String Concatenation | *string1* `+` *string2* | left | String concatenation. | 7 |
| Not | `!` *e* | none | Boolean negation. | 8 |
| Update | *e1* `//` *e2* | right | Return a set consisting of the attributes in *e1* and *e2* (with the latter taking precedence over the former in case of equally named attributes). | 9 |
| Less Than | *e1* `<` *e2*, | none | Arithmetic comparison. | 10 |
| Less Than or Equal To | *e1* `<=` *e2* | none | Arithmetic comparison. | 10 |
| Greater Than | *e1* `>` *e2* | none | Arithmetic comparison. | 10 |
| Greater Than or Equal To | *e1* `>=` *e2* | none | Arithmetic comparison. | 10 |
| Equality | *e1* `==` *e2* | none | Equality. | 11 |
| Inequality | *e1* `!=` *e2* | none | Inequality. | 11 |
| Logical AND | *e1* `&&` *e2* | left | Logical AND. | 12 |
| Logical OR | *e1* `\|\|` *e2* | left | Logical OR. | 13 |
| Logical Implication | *e1* `->` *e2* | none | Logical implication (equivalent to `!e1 \|\| e2`). | 14 |

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@@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
# Values
## Simple Values
Nix has the following basic data types:
- *Strings* can be written in three ways.
The most common way is to enclose the string between double quotes,
e.g., `"foo bar"`. Strings can span multiple lines. The special
characters `"` and `\` and the character sequence `${` must be
escaped by prefixing them with a backslash (`\`). Newlines, carriage
returns and tabs can be written as `\n`, `\r` and `\t`,
respectively.
You can include the result of an expression into a string by
enclosing it in `${...}`, a feature known as *antiquotation*. The
enclosed expression must evaluate to something that can be coerced
into a string (meaning that it must be a string, a path, or a
derivation). For instance, rather than writing
```nix
"--with-freetype2-library=" + freetype + "/lib"
```
(where `freetype` is a derivation), you can instead write the more
natural
```nix
"--with-freetype2-library=${freetype}/lib"
```
The latter is automatically translated to the former. A more
complicated example (from the Nix expression for
[Qt](http://www.trolltech.com/products/qt)):
```nix
configureFlags = "
-system-zlib -system-libpng -system-libjpeg
${if openglSupport then "-dlopen-opengl
-L${mesa}/lib -I${mesa}/include
-L${libXmu}/lib -I${libXmu}/include" else ""}
${if threadSupport then "-thread" else "-no-thread"}
";
```
Note that Nix expressions and strings can be arbitrarily nested; in
this case the outer string contains various antiquotations that
themselves contain strings (e.g., `"-thread"`), some of which in
turn contain expressions (e.g., `${mesa}`).
The second way to write string literals is as an *indented string*,
which is enclosed between pairs of *double single-quotes*, like so:
```nix
''
This is the first line.
This is the second line.
This is the third line.
''
```
This kind of string literal intelligently strips indentation from
the start of each line. To be precise, it strips from each line a
number of spaces equal to the minimal indentation of the string as a
whole (disregarding the indentation of empty lines). For instance,
the first and second line are indented two space, while the third
line is indented four spaces. Thus, two spaces are stripped from
each line, so the resulting string is
```nix
"This is the first line.\nThis is the second line.\n This is the third line.\n"
```
Note that the whitespace and newline following the opening `''` is
ignored if there is no non-whitespace text on the initial line.
Antiquotation (`${expr}`) is supported in indented strings.
Since `${` and `''` have special meaning in indented strings, you
need a way to quote them. `$` can be escaped by prefixing it with
`''` (that is, two single quotes), i.e., `''$`. `''` can be escaped
by prefixing it with `'`, i.e., `'''`. `$` removes any special
meaning from the following `$`. Linefeed, carriage-return and tab
characters can be written as `''\n`, `''\r`, `''\t`, and `''\`
escapes any other character.
Indented strings are primarily useful in that they allow multi-line
string literals to follow the indentation of the enclosing Nix
expression, and that less escaping is typically necessary for
strings representing languages such as shell scripts and
configuration files because `''` is much less common than `"`.
Example:
```nix
stdenv.mkDerivation {
...
postInstall =
''
mkdir $out/bin $out/etc
cp foo $out/bin
echo "Hello World" > $out/etc/foo.conf
${if enableBar then "cp bar $out/bin" else ""}
'';
...
}
```
Finally, as a convenience, *URIs* as defined in appendix B of
[RFC 2396](http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt) can be written *as
is*, without quotes. For instance, the string
`"http://example.org/foo.tar.bz2"` can also be written as
`http://example.org/foo.tar.bz2`.
- Numbers, which can be *integers* (like `123`) or *floating point*
(like `123.43` or `.27e13`).
Numbers are type-compatible: pure integer operations will always
return integers, whereas any operation involving at least one
floating point number will have a floating point number as a result.
- *Paths*, e.g., `/bin/sh` or `./builder.sh`. A path must contain at
least one slash to be recognised as such. For instance, `builder.sh`
is not a path: it's parsed as an expression that selects the
attribute `sh` from the variable `builder`. If the file name is
relative, i.e., if it does not begin with a slash, it is made
absolute at parse time relative to the directory of the Nix
expression that contained it. For instance, if a Nix expression in
`/foo/bar/bla.nix` refers to `../xyzzy/fnord.nix`, the absolute path
is `/foo/xyzzy/fnord.nix`.
If the first component of a path is a `~`, it is interpreted as if
the rest of the path were relative to the user's home directory.
e.g. `~/foo` would be equivalent to `/home/edolstra/foo` for a user
whose home directory is `/home/edolstra`.
Paths can also be specified between angle brackets, e.g.
`<nixpkgs>`. This means that the directories listed in the
environment variable `NIX_PATH` will be searched for the given file
or directory name.
- *Booleans* with values `true` and `false`.
- The null value, denoted as `null`.
## Lists
Lists are formed by enclosing a whitespace-separated list of values
between square brackets. For example,
```nix
[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" (f { x = y; }) ]
```
defines a list of four elements, the last being the result of a call to
the function `f`. Note that function calls have to be enclosed in
parentheses. If they had been omitted, e.g.,
```nix
[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" f { x = y; } ]
```
the result would be a list of five elements, the fourth one being a
function and the fifth being a set.
Note that lists are only lazy in values, and they are strict in length.
## Sets
Sets are really the core of the language, since ultimately the Nix
language is all about creating derivations, which are really just sets
of attributes to be passed to build scripts.
Sets are just a list of name/value pairs (called *attributes*) enclosed
in curly brackets, where each value is an arbitrary expression
terminated by a semicolon. For example:
```nix
{ x = 123;
text = "Hello";
y = f { bla = 456; };
}
```
This defines a set with attributes named `x`, `text`, `y`. The order of
the attributes is irrelevant. An attribute name may only occur once.
Attributes can be selected from a set using the `.` operator. For
instance,
```nix
{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.a
```
evaluates to `"Foo"`. It is possible to provide a default value in an
attribute selection using the `or` keyword. For example,
```nix
{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.c or "Xyzzy"
```
will evaluate to `"Xyzzy"` because there is no `c` attribute in the set.
You can use arbitrary double-quoted strings as attribute names:
```nix
{ "foo ${bar}" = 123; "nix-1.0" = 456; }."foo ${bar}"
```
This will evaluate to `123` (Assuming `bar` is antiquotable). In the
case where an attribute name is just a single antiquotation, the quotes
can be dropped:
```nix
{ foo = 123; }.${bar} or 456
```
This will evaluate to `123` if `bar` evaluates to `"foo"` when coerced
to a string and `456` otherwise (again assuming `bar` is antiquotable).
In the special case where an attribute name inside of a set declaration
evaluates to `null` (which is normally an error, as `null` is not
antiquotable), that attribute is simply not added to the set:
```nix
{ ${if foo then "bar" else null} = true; }
```
This will evaluate to `{}` if `foo` evaluates to `false`.
A set that has a `__functor` attribute whose value is callable (i.e. is
itself a function or a set with a `__functor` attribute whose value is
callable) can be applied as if it were a function, with the set itself
passed in first , e.g.,
```nix
let add = { __functor = self: x: x + self.x; };
inc = add // { x = 1; };
in inc 1
```
evaluates to `2`. This can be used to attach metadata to a function
without the caller needing to treat it specially, or to implement a form
of object-oriented programming, for example.

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@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
# Building and Testing
You can now try to build Hello. Of course, you could do `nix-env -i
hello`, but you may not want to install a possibly broken package just
yet. The best way to test the package is by using the command
`nix-build`, which builds a Nix expression and creates a symlink named
`result` in the current directory:
```console
$ nix-build -A hello
building path `/nix/store/632d2b22514d...-hello-2.1.1'
hello-2.1.1/
hello-2.1.1/intl/
hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog
...
$ ls -l result
lrwxrwxrwx ... 2006-09-29 10:43 result -> /nix/store/632d2b22514d...-hello-2.1.1
$ ./result/bin/hello
Hello, world!
```
The `-A` option selects the `hello` attribute. This is faster than
using the symbolic package name specified by the `name` attribute
(which also happens to be `hello`) and is unambiguous (there can be
multiple packages with the symbolic name `hello`, but there can be
only one attribute in a set named `hello`).
`nix-build` registers the `./result` symlink as a garbage collection
root, so unless and until you delete the `./result` symlink, the output
of the build will be safely kept on your system. You can use
`nix-build`s `-o` switch to give the symlink another name.
Nix has transactional semantics. Once a build finishes successfully, Nix
makes a note of this in its database: it registers that the path denoted
by `out` is now “valid”. If you try to build the derivation again, Nix
will see that the path is already valid and finish immediately. If a
build fails, either because it returns a non-zero exit code, because Nix
or the builder are killed, or because the machine crashes, then the
output paths will not be registered as valid. If you try to build the
derivation again, Nix will remove the output paths if they exist (e.g.,
because the builder died half-way through `make
install`) and try again. Note that there is no “negative caching”: Nix
doesn't remember that a build failed, and so a failed build can always
be repeated. This is because Nix cannot distinguish between permanent
failures (e.g., a compiler error due to a syntax error in the source)
and transient failures (e.g., a disk full condition).
Nix also performs locking. If you run multiple Nix builds
simultaneously, and they try to build the same derivation, the first Nix
instance that gets there will perform the build, while the others block
(or perform other derivations if available) until the build finishes:
```console
$ nix-build -A hello
waiting for lock on `/nix/store/0h5b7hp8d4hqfrw8igvx97x1xawrjnac-hello-2.1.1x'
```
So it is always safe to run multiple instances of Nix in parallel (which
isnt the case with, say, `make`).

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@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
# A Simple Nix Expression
This section shows how to add and test the [GNU Hello
package](http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/hello.html) to the Nix
Packages collection. Hello is a program that prints out the text “Hello,
world\!”.
To add a package to the Nix Packages collection, you generally need to
do three things:
1. Write a Nix expression for the package. This is a file that
describes all the inputs involved in building the package, such as
dependencies, sources, and so on.
2. Write a *builder*. This is a shell script that builds the package
from the inputs. (In fact, it can be written in any language, but
typically it's a `bash` shell script.)
3. Add the package to the file `pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix`. The
Nix expression written in the first step is a *function*; it
requires other packages in order to build it. In this step you put
it all together, i.e., you call the function with the right
arguments to build the actual package.

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This chapter shows you how to write Nix expressions, which instruct Nix
how to build packages. It starts with a simple example (a Nix expression
for GNU Hello), and then moves on to a more in-depth look at the Nix
expression language.
> **Note**
>
> This chapter is mostly about the Nix expression language. For more
> extensive information on adding packages to the Nix Packages
> collection (such as functions in the standard environment and coding
> conventions), please consult [its
> manual](http://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/).

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# Glossary
- derivation\
A description of a build action. The result of a derivation is a
store object. Derivations are typically specified in Nix expressions
using the [`derivation` primitive](expressions/derivations.md). These are
translated into low-level *store derivations* (implicitly by
`nix-env` and `nix-build`, or explicitly by `nix-instantiate`).
- store\
The location in the file system where store objects live. Typically
`/nix/store`.
- store path\
The location in the file system of a store object, i.e., an
immediate child of the Nix store directory.
- store object\
A file that is an immediate child of the Nix store directory. These
can be regular files, but also entire directory trees. Store objects
can be sources (objects copied from outside of the store),
derivation outputs (objects produced by running a build action), or
derivations (files describing a build action).
- substitute\
A substitute is a command invocation stored in the Nix database that
describes how to build a store object, bypassing the normal build
mechanism (i.e., derivations). Typically, the substitute builds the
store object by downloading a pre-built version of the store object
from some server.
- purity\
The assumption that equal Nix derivations when run always produce
the same output. This cannot be guaranteed in general (e.g., a
builder can rely on external inputs such as the network or the
system time) but the Nix model assumes it.
- Nix expression\
A high-level description of software packages and compositions
thereof. Deploying software using Nix entails writing Nix
expressions for your packages. Nix expressions are translated to
derivations that are stored in the Nix store. These derivations can
then be built.
- reference\
A store path `P` is said to have a reference to a store path `Q` if
the store object at `P` contains the path `Q` somewhere. The
*references* of a store path are the set of store paths to which it
has a reference.
A derivation can reference other derivations and sources (but not
output paths), whereas an output path only references other output
paths.
- reachable\
A store path `Q` is reachable from another store path `P` if `Q`
is in the *closure* of the *references* relation.
- closure\
The closure of a store path is the set of store paths that are
directly or indirectly “reachable” from that store path; that is,
its the closure of the path under the *references* relation. For
a package, the closure of its derivation is equivalent to the
build-time dependencies, while the closure of its output path is
equivalent to its runtime dependencies. For correct deployment it
is necessary to deploy whole closures, since otherwise at runtime
files could be missing. The command `nix-store -qR` prints out
closures of store paths.
As an example, if the store object at path `P` contains a reference
to path `Q`, then `Q` is in the closure of `P`. Further, if `Q`
references `R` then `R` is also in the closure of `P`.
- output path\
A store path produced by a derivation.
- deriver\
The deriver of an *output path* is the store
derivation that built it.
- validity\
A store path is considered *valid* if it exists in the file system,
is listed in the Nix database as being valid, and if all paths in
its closure are also valid.
- user environment\
An automatically generated store object that consists of a set of
symlinks to “active” applications, i.e., other store paths. These
are generated automatically by
[`nix-env`](command-ref/nix-env.md). See *profiles*.
- profile\
A symlink to the current *user environment* of a user, e.g.,
`/nix/var/nix/profiles/default`.
- NAR\
A *N*ix *AR*chive. This is a serialisation of a path in the Nix
store. It can contain regular files, directories and symbolic
links. NARs are generated and unpacked using `nix-store --dump`
and `nix-store --restore`.

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